土壤肥力长期定位试验研究初报

１９８７～１９９７年的土壤肥力长期定位试验结果表明：空白区的产量更能反映耕地基础地力的高低;在目前的施肥水平下,氮、磷、钾配合施用能增加土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮的含量;增施氮、钾肥能显著增加水稻产量。监测点较好地反映了广东省目前的农业生产状况,对农业生产具有一定的指导意义。     

A roadmap for ladybird conservation and recovery

Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations.     

湖南省臭氧污染基本特征分析及长期趋势变化主控因素识别

近些年来湖南省臭氧(O3)污染程度呈现持续恶化态势,针对该区域O3污染相关研究较为缺乏的现状,基于观测数据对2015～2020年期间湖南省14个地级市O3污染浓度的时空演化特征进行了分析,并利用广义相加模型(GAM)对O3污染长期趋势变化的主控因素进行了识别(气象校正).结果表明,时间上,湖南省区域O3具有明显的日际、...     

引信在长期贮存下老化行为的仿真模拟与分析

目的 厘清某型引信在贮存14 a后的失效模式,研究温度周期性交变对引信及其薄弱零件的影响。方法利用ANSYS workbench软件,建立基于时间硬化的蠕变仿真方法。以某型引信为研究对象,开展周期性温度交变的蠕变仿真,根据仿真计算结果和实物的对比分析,找出薄弱零件,分析其老化失效模式。结果 在每个周期内环境温度循环条件下,仿真时长设定为14 a,结果显示,引信整体蠕变应变率超过1%,平均压紧应力下降21%,松弛稳定性变弱,密封性在一定程度上变差。其中,引信电机外壳、电机扇叶、底部线路对接板为薄弱零件,容易发生失效行为。结论 引信贮存在典型西南湿热环境14 a后,周期性温度交变应力将导致引信出现缺陷,缺陷集中在电机外壳、电机扇叶、底部线路对接板处,应重点对这些部位进行防护。     

治理校园安全事件的长效对策

当前,我国校园安全总的形势比较严峻,特别是2010年3月以来不到40天的时间内发生了5起校园公共突发事件。为了及时、客观地把握校园安全的基本现状,笔者运用网络调查与文献研究的方法,统计分析了自1997年以来国内外典型校园安全事件。调研结果表明,国内外校园安全形势基本态势趋紧,以美国为代表的国外发达国家校园枪击案较为典型,其根源是枪支文化和强者文化;当前,国内校园案件呈上升趋势,但随着各项综合治理措施的跟进,总体情况趋于平稳,呈现"内忧外患"基本特征,既有突出的内部原因,也有外部因素的协同作用,其中缺少校园安全综合治理的长效机制是主因。校园安全涉及的因素较多,本文从法制环境、治理机制、管理体制三个方面提出了建立校园安全长效机制的具体对策与建议。     

Assessment of the Usefulness of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Long-Term Watershed Monitoring in an Urban Slough System

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed at eight sites within the Buffalo Slough, near Portland, Oregon, to (1) measure the spatial and seasonal distribution of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and organochlorine (OC) compounds in the slough, (2) assess the usefulness of SPMDs as a tool for investigating and monitoring hydrophobic compounds throughout the Columbia Slough system, and (3) evaluate the utility of SPMDs as a tool for measuring the long-term effects of watershed improvement activities. Data from the SPMDs revealed clear spatial and seasonal differences in water quality within the slough and indicate that for hydrophobic compounds, this time-integrated passive-sampling technique is a useful tool for long-term watershed monitoring. In addition, the data suggest that a spiking rate of 2–5 μg/SPMD of permeability/performance reference compounds, including at least one compound that is not susceptible to photodegradation, may be optimum for the conditions encountered here.     

Long-term change of the marine environment and plankton in the Xiamen Sea under the influence of climate change and human sewage

ABSTRACT

Long-term observations of the Xiamen Sea in Fujian Province were used to analyze variations in sea temperature, salinity, inorganic nitrogen (N), activated phosphate (P), and phytoplankton, as well as the features of red tides. Results showed that in recent decades, sea temperature and concentrations of N and P nutrients increased while salinity decreased attributed to climate warming, rainfall, and human sewage. In addition, reduction in the number of phytoplankton species and rising abundance of phytoplankton indicated that the structure of phytoplankton community presented a simplified and minimized trend which magnified the dominance of dominant phytoplankton species. Since 2000, red tides have occurred more frequently, and the eutrophic-type diatom species, Skeletonema costatum appears to be the predominant species. Data suggested that variations of N and P nutrients exert a potent and rapid influence on phytoplankton than sea temperature and ocean salinity.     

The predictive value of cytogenetic diagnosis after CVS based on 4860 cases with both direct and culture methods

Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 4860 chorionic villus samples by means of both direct preparation and long-term culture. The results of the analysis were compared with a classification including all theoretical types of combinations between the chromosomal constitution of the cytotrophoblast, extraembryonal mesoderm, and fetus, with the aim of evaluating the cytogenetic variability along the trophoblast—embryo axis. Eighteen of 29 possible combinations were found demonstrating a considerable heterogeneity. A mosaic conceptus was found in 1·5 per cent of cases, with generalized mosaicisms and confined mosaicisms in 0·2 and 1·3 per cent, respectively. Cytogenetic variability along the trophoblast—embryo axis was found in 1·42 per cent of cases. Results possibly leading to diagnostic errors (false-positive and false-negative results) were found in only 1·38 per cent. False-positive results of direct preparation were the most commonly observed discrepancy (0·8 per cent), while the incidence of false-positive results of the culture method and of both methods was 0·31 and 0·16 per cent respectively. The incidence of false-negative results was 0·1 per cent, with false-negative results of direct preparation 0·08 per cent and false-negative results of both methods 0·02 per cent. False-negative results of the culture method were not found. Our data confirm the high diagnostic accuracy of chorionic villus sampling and the utility of the combined use of the two methods in minimizing diagnostic errors and in reducing the need for follow-up amniocentesis.     

The preserving of chorionic villi before establishing long-term cell cultures for cytogenetic analysis

The possibility of preserving intact chorionic villi in culture medium for up to 7 days before establishing long-term cultures for prenatal chromosome analysis is demonstrated. The preserving itself had no negative effect on the growth capacity of the mesenchymal cells.     

长期定位施肥对土壤微量元素含量的影响

在25年长期定位试验研究基础上,分析了无肥、N、NP、NPK、N 有机肥和N 秸秆6个不同施肥处理的0～20cm土壤微量元素B、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的质量分数变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理的土壤有效B和有效Zn均为增加,分别是试验基础数值的2.9倍～4.7倍和1.0倍～4.7倍。N 有机肥处理质量分数最高,无肥处理最低。有效Fe、Mn、Cu的质量分数除N 有机肥处理的Fe和Cu增加了0.95mg·kg-1和0.43mg·kg-1以外,都呈现出下降的趋势。各处理的土壤全量Fe呈减少趋势,全量Mn、Cu和Zn除无肥处理和Cu除单施N肥处理稍有减少以外,都呈现增加的趋势。全量Cu和Zn以N 有机肥处理质量分数最高,N 秸秆和施用P肥处理次之。施用以垃圾、畜禽废弃物为原料的有机肥以及施用P肥等可以增加土壤微量元素,施肥是影响土壤微量元素质量分数变化的重要因素。