基于遥感与GIS的海口市土地利用结构动态变化研究

利用1986、1996和2000年三期TM遥感图像,得到海口市1986～1996和1996～2000年土地变化情况及土地利用转移矩阵。海口市的土地变化规律表现为耕地、林地、滩涂及未利用地转化为城镇、农村居民点和独立工矿建设用地。通过分维度的分析可以看出,海口市林地、水体等自然景观随着人类的干扰,分维度降低;耕地面积大量减少,分维数降低;城镇扩大,斑块数量减小,用地趋于集中;农村居民点和工矿建设用地增加,用地趋于分散,复杂度增加。海口市土地结构变化的主导因素是城镇面积的扩大,其次是农村居民点和工矿建设用地的扩大。随着城市化的发展和农村用地扩大,海口市土地结构表现为利用程度逐渐深化的趋势。     

酸浸粉煤灰制备复合混凝剂及其处理生活污水的效果研究

研究了以粉煤灰和H_２ＳＯ₄为原料,常温常压下搅拌反应制备复合混凝剂的方法,考查了酸种类、酸浓度、酸灰比、搅拌时间等因素对Fe^３＋、Al^３＋溶出效果和生活污水混凝效果的影响.结果表明,酸灰比5 mL/g、浓度2 mol/Ｌ的H_２ＳＯ₄溶液与粉煤灰搅拌4 h并静置30 min后制得的混凝剂,其中Fe^３＋的浓度为0 .010 8 mol/Ｌ,溶出率为11 .4%;Al^３＋的浓度为0 .035 4 mol/Ｌ,溶出率为4 .3%;对生活污水的COD去除率70 .4%,SS去除率91 .9%,与市售聚合混凝剂效果相当,是一种有开发利用价值的水处理剂.     

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol （PCP, C6HC150）, as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 30（0-420℃ and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L, and the NaOH concentrations were varied from 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP. The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highly dependent on the reaction temperature, residence time, and NaOH concentration. PCP conversion in subcritical water is, however, only dependent on reaction temperature. NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversion in subcritical condition. It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water. The intermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol, respectively.     

AnnAGNPS 模型应用于辽河源头小流域的主要参数确定方法

农业非点源污染已成为辽河源头区水体污染的治理重点,农业非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS(Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Model)模拟农业非点源污染是可行的,但模拟精度取决于模型参数.本文以辽河源头区典型小流域为例,根据集水区的划分与流域非点源污染的空间分布密切相关,以不同的临界汇水区面积CSA(the critical source area)和最小初始沟道长度MSCL(the minimum source channel length)划分出不同数量的集水区进行多次模型模拟,当多种污染源负荷均趋于稳定时确定集水区单元划分数量;针对我国土壤普查数据的土壤质地体系与建立AnnAGNPS模型的土壤质地体系不同,假设土壤累积粒径成对数正态分布,利用插值进行土壤粒径的转换,采用EPIC(Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator)模型计算土壤可蚀性因子;经多次模拟实验与野外实测数据分析,上述确定参数方法是可行的.     

Effects of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 on the laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A

The laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solutions was studied in the absence and presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. It was found that the addition of Triton X-100 into the reaction system increased the conversion of BPA, especially near the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100. Also it was found that the stability of laccase was greatly improved in the presence of TritonX-100. Studies on the endogenous fluorescence emission of laccase indicated that there existed an interaction between Triton X-100 and laccase, which was beneficial to folding and stabilizating of laccase. The binding of Triton X-100 to the laccase surface also mitigated the inactivation e ect caused by the free radicals and polymerization products. Under otherwise identical conditions, a lower dosage of laccase was needed for the higher conversion of BPA in the presence of Triton X-100.     

2019年国庆节前后北京气态氨和气溶胶铵盐浓度的同步观测

我国自2013年实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）特别是硫酸盐浓度迅速下降,但硝酸盐浓度降幅较小,大气中过量的氨气（NH₃）是维持硝酸盐居高不下的主要因素.迄今,我国生态环境部门尚未将NH₃纳入常规观测,以往有关NH₃和气溶胶铵盐（NH₄⁺）的研究多是分别进行的,缺少同步观测.由于NH₃和NH₄⁺在大气中可互相转化,只测量其中一种相态很难全面了解它们的动态变化.本研究基于酸涂覆的蜂窝型扩散管和膜采样串联系统,同步测量了2019年国庆节前后北京城区大气NH₃和NH₄⁺浓度,时间分辨率为2 h（PM_2.5>35 μg·m^-3）~5 h（PM_2.5<35 μg·m^-3）.结果表明,采样期间NH₃和NH₄⁺平均浓度分别为（4.1±2.9）μg·m^-3和（1.7±1.4）μg·m^-3,且二者均与PM_2.5、CO和NO₂呈现相似的时间变化规律.NH₃浓度在早晨（05：30~08：30）和夜间（21：30~05：30）较高,这种双峰日变化特征在污染天（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）最为明显.NH₃浓度在污染天17：30~21：30存在明显的低谷,这主要与有利的扩散条件有关（平均风速6 m·s^-1）.NH₄⁺浓度的日变化特征与NH₃差异较大,NH₄⁺浓度在非污染天（PM_2.5<75 μg·m^-3）17：30~21：30出现明显峰值,期间NH₃浓度较低,而NO₂浓度较高.在非污染天,NH₃浓度是NH₄⁺的2.8倍;而在污染天,由于气粒转化加速,大气NH₃浓度低于NH₄⁺（NH₃/NH₄⁺=0.8）.国庆节前大气NH₃、CO、NO₂、SO₂和PM_2.5浓度超过国庆后的幅度分别为54.2%、40.4%、33.3%、0.0%和49.4%.国庆节前虽然实施了减排行动,但极端不利的静稳天气导致大气环境容量下降,掩盖了污染物减排的效果,导致大部分污染物浓度不降反升.     

δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical measurements,source sampling and its source apportionment

• Challenges in sampling of NH₃ sources for d¹⁵N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NH_x science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH₃) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ¹⁵N(NH₃) values of NH₃ emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH₃ gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ¹⁵N(NH₃) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_x (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) dynamics in the atmosphere.     

穗花狐尾藻对外源15N在水-沉积物界面迁移转化的影响

通过构建室内模拟系统,利用同位素示踪技术研究过量外源NO3-在微环境中的归趋及生长期的穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)在外源氮迁移转化中的作用.结果表明:在穗花狐尾藻组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、沉水植物吸收、异化硝酸盐还原成氨(DNRA)和转化为可溶性有机氮(DON)的去除作用分别占添加15N的47.54%、25.24%、12.76%、0.52%、1.21%;在对照组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、DNRA作用和转化为DON的去除作用分别占添加15N的32.74%、30.79%、0.54%、5.83%.在穗花狐尾藻组和对照组中约87.24%和69.90%的NO3-进行了转化.反硝化作用是去除两处理组中NO3-的主要方式,其次是微生物的固定作用,穗花狐尾藻的直接吸收也对NO3-的去除起到重要作用,DNRA作用和DON对NO3-的去除作用较小.穗花狐尾藻促进了反硝化作用,加快了NO3-在微环境中的迁移转化,直接或间接地促进了微环境对外源NO3-的去除.     

长江流域旱涝灾害特征研究

利用长江流域地区(1956-2007年)148个站点全年的逐日降水资料,采用Z指数作为旱涝指标,对长江流域地区旱涝的转化规律及其时空变化特征进行了探讨,结果表明:长江流域降水量具有明显的年际变化,夏季和年降水量的变化趋势一致;春季的降水周期较夏季具有明显的周期性,从研究的时段内看,春季降水周期为17 ～21年为主,夏季以10～ 15年为主周期;旱涝灾害发生的频率与降水量、暴雨出现的频数呈现正相关,旱涝空间分布上存在一定的结构性,干旱大都发生在长江上游地区(四川和云南的一部分地区)以及湖北部分地区,洪涝主要发生于长江中下游地区,特别是在湖南、安徽、湖北等地.     

基于DEA方法的农地非农化效率研究

论文运用DEA方法构建了一个农地非农化效率指标,并利用2001-2008 年间省级层面数据,测算得到各省以及4 个地区历年农地非农化效率,结果表明：省域农地非农化效率呈现波动上升、波动下降、保持平稳三种趋势,4 个区域唯有东北老工业基地的农地非农化效率均值高于0.6,全国农地非农化效率均值为0.489,表明8 a 中我国多耗用了51.1%（将近91455.75 hm²）的建设占用耕地的指标。同时,由于初始年份的低效区与高效区在效率变动趋势上存在此消彼长的关系,省域及4 个地区之间农地非农化效率出现趋同的现象。对农地非农化效率影响因素的分析蕴含着“权利二元”的土地制度是过度农地非农化与农地非农化配置结构不合理的症结所在;同时,地方政府财政支出压力又进一步助长了农地非农化的“非理性”;此外,在影响农地非农化效率其他因素中,第三产业比重达到47.02%水平以后,产业结构升级的边际效应才由负变为正;而经济发展水平和城市化率在不同地区的作用方向和强度不同,致使其在全国层面上统计不显著。据此,论文提出应实施“双轮驱动型”土地制度和财税制度改革,以扭转农地非农化效率损失的局面。