国内外矿山事故预防与救护机制对比分析

简要介绍了印度、德国、美国、加拿大等国矿山事故预防与救护机制,与我国的矿山事故预防和救护机制进行了对比分析,指出我国矿山伤亡事故的严峻形势,提出了我国矿山事故预防与救护的建议,对减少矿山事故、发展矿山经济具有指导意义。     

基于元胞自动机的极端降雨下地铁疏散模拟*

为研究地铁系统在极端降雨灾害下的人员疏散过程,分析人员疏散过程影响因素和改善方法,将数值模拟方法与模糊逻辑理论相结合,在传统元胞自动机疏散模型中引入人员疏散行为选择机制,模拟地铁隧道遭受洪水侵入以及采取改善措施后的疏散情况。研究结果表明:引入人员疏散行为选择机制可以较真实地模拟极端降雨下受限空间中的人员疏散过程;采取改善方案后,人员被迫改变疏散行为的比例下降53.95%,人群疏散安全度由0.201提升至0.633;当采取与防洪能力不适应的疏散平台高度时,疏散安全度较采取合理设施时平均下降30%且差异较大;硬件设施满足安全度达到0.6为宜,按照最终安全度为1设计疏散方案,可使硬件设施设计与疏散方案制定更加合理配套。研究结果可为地铁系统防洪设计与管理提供参考。     

钻井废液的固液分离工艺与设备

影响钻井废液固液分离的因素包括钻井废液的稀释比例、脱稳处理药剂的种类和加量、固液分离设备。文章介绍了钻井废液处理的基本流程,分析了钻井废液pH值对固液分离效果的影响,论述了卧式螺旋卸料沉降离心机的基本结构、设备参数和操作参数对固液分离效果的影响。     

环境中纳米塑料的分离与检测

微塑料作为环境中一类新兴污染物备受关注.然而对于尺寸更小的纳米塑料,尽管毒性效应被不断发现,但其在真实环境中的存在水平和检测技术还鲜有报道.本文评述了有限研究中纳米塑料分离和检测方法的优点与局限,并依据现阶段纳米污染物分析方法存在的问题,对相关方法的未来发展进行了展望.     

Characterization on the toxic mechanism of two fluoroquinolones to trypsin by spectroscopic and computational methods

Abstract

Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and enrofloxacin (ENFX), two of the most widely used fluoroquinolones (FQs), pose a great threat to humans and the ecosystem. In this study, the toxic mechanisms between the two FQs and trypsin were evaluated by means of multiple spectroscopic methods, as well as molecular docking. During the fluorescence investigations, both FQs quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin effectively, which was due to the formation of moderately strong complexes (mainly through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds). The binding of two FQs not only caused the conformational and micro-environmental changes of trypsin, but also changed its molecular activity; shown by the UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and functional tests. The established methods in this work can help to comprehensively understand the transport of FQs in the human body.     

Application of different single extraction procedures for assessing the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soils from overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources

Heavy metal(loid) extraction from soils in overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources (OAFCR) is crucial in understanding heavy metal bioavailability in soil and the subsequent risks to crops and consumers. However, limited attention has been paid to the extraction procedure of heavy metal(loid)s in OAFCR soils in the research. This study therefore explored different single and mixed extraction procedures, such as acetic acid (HOAc), citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid + ammonium acetate (EDTA+NH₄OAc), and total digestion (HNO₃-HClO₄-HF) to determine the bioavailability of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in OAFCR soil in Xuzhou, China. The results showed the metal(loid) extraction capacity from soil of the different procedures could be ranked as AB-DTPA > EDTA+NH₄OAc > HOA_C > citric acid. The transfer ability of heavy metal(loid)s from soil to wheat tissues and from wheat roots to aerial parts was analyzed by calculating the bioconcentration factor and transfer factor, respectively. Transfer factors of all metal(loid)s were < 1 except Cr whose transfer factor from root to shell and straw were > 1. It is suspected that foliar uptake plays a dominant role in Cr uptake. Correlation analysis between the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and uptake in respective wheat tissues was performed to recommend the best extraction procedures for different studies. The results show that AB-DTPA extraction is recommended for Cu uptake to wheat roots, straws, shells and grains, Zn uptake to roots, and Cd uptake to roots and straws.

     

凹型建筑外立面火灾烟气蔓延特性研究

为了研究凹型建筑外立面火灾烟气蔓延特性，对高层建筑凹槽内火灾烟气“三场”数值模拟。研究表明:结构因子α（进深与槽宽之比）的变化导致凹型建筑结构内呈现不同的火灾烟气蔓延规律；当α为0~0.4时，建筑凹槽内的火灾烟气无烟囱效应；当α为0.6~1.2时，建筑凹槽内的火灾烟气呈现一定的烟囱效应，其火灾烟气温度场、CO浓度场、扩散速度场变化显著；当α>1.2的，建筑凹槽内的火灾烟气烟囱效应显著。     

腈氯纶吸附纤维对亚甲基蓝和铅离子的共吸附行为研究

采用无机活性炭与丙烯腈-偏氯乙烯共聚体共混,以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂纺制了腈氯纶吸附纤维,并用水合肼控制预交联过程,通过碱性水解制得羧酸钠型离子交换吸附纤维,着重考察了该纤维在染料亚甲基蓝和重金属Pb2 混合共存条件下对2种物质的共吸附行为.结果表明,混合条件下,该纤维对亚甲基蓝和Pb2 的吸附量可分别达到9.5 mg·g-1和487.8 mg·g-1;活性炭对亚甲基蓝的物理吸附与改性纤维对Pb2 的离子交换过程同时发生,离子交换的发生对物理吸附的影响较大;Langmuir模式比Freundlich模式更适于描述Pb2 的等温吸附过程;随着温度的升高,纤维的物理吸附能力增强,而对Pb2 的离子交换性能变化不大;pH为中性条件时,纤维对Pb2 和亚甲基蓝的吸附量均达到最大.     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

淀粉稳定Fe3O4纳米粒子对水中As(V)的吸附特性研究

以可溶性淀粉作为稳定剂制备纳米Fe_3O_4粒子,探讨了反应时间、p H值、初始砷浓度和腐殖酸对Fe_3O_4纳米粒子吸附水体中As(V)的吸附效果影响.实验结果表明,淀粉稳定的Fe_3O_4纳米粒子对水体中As(V)的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;吸附容量随着溶液p H的增加逐渐降低,在p H为8.0的弱碱性水体中对As(V)的最大吸附容量可达202.56 mg·g~(-1);此外,腐殖酸(HA)能降低纳米粒子对As(V)的吸附能力.