城市污泥深度脱水调理药剂的筛选与优化研究

以佛山市镇安污水厂污泥为对象,以污泥沉降比、污泥比阻(SRF)、毛细吸水时间(CST)、泥饼含水率和脱水率为指标,研究比较了添加单一絮凝剂、有机-无机复合絮凝剂对污泥脱水性能的影响,探讨了助凝剂对污泥脱水的影响。结果表明:1)单一絮凝剂作污泥调理剂时,以阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)脱水效果最好,其最佳投加量为30~60 mg/L。有机-无机絮凝剂复合作污泥调理剂,比之单一絮凝剂,污泥脱水效果有明显改善。2)添加石灰、粉煤灰等助凝剂,可显著提高污泥脱水效果,并能大幅降低絮凝剂添加量。在实验范围内,阳离子PAM 9 mg/L、粉煤灰30 g/L、生石灰30 g/L为最佳污泥调理药剂组合。     

清洁型城市河道养护管理技术标准的探讨

结合杭州古新河、西溪河、余杭塘河、备塘河、宁波马蜂港河、横间港河等十余条河道6~7年的持续养护管理经验(河道水质始终保持在V类水及以上),编写了清洁型城市河道养护管理技术标准。该标准简明扼要地概括了城市河道整治后的日常养护管理工作的主要内容、评价指标和适用范围以及技术档案管理系统的建立,为今后政府和相关企业河道养护管理作业提供了有益的参考。     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

Two-step accelerated mineral carbonation and decomposition analysis for the reduction of CO2 emission in the eco-industrial parks

Carbon dioxide（CO2） emissions are a leading contributor to the negative effects of global warming. Globally, research has focused on effective means of reducing and mitigating CO2 emissions. In this study, we examined the efficacy of eco-industrial parks（EIPs） and accelerated mineral carbonation techniques in reducing CO2 emissions in South Korea.First, we used Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index（LMDI） analysis to determine the trends in carbon production and mitigation at the existing EIPs. We found that, although CO2 was generated as byproducts and wastes of production at these EIPs, improved energy intensity effects occurred at all EIPs, and we strongly believe that EIPs are a strong alternative to traditional industrial complexes for reducing net carbon emissions. We also examined the optimal conditions for using accelerated mineral carbonation to dispose of hazardous fly ash produced through the incineration of municipal solid wastes at these EIPs. We determined that this technique most efficiently sequestered CO2 when micro-bubbling, low flow rate inlet gas, and ammonia additives were employed.     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

国外河口城市气候变化适应策略及对中国的启示

<正>河口地区是遭受气候变化影响最为严重的区域之一。密集的人口、繁荣的经济使得河口城市根据当地的气候变化威胁制定相应的适应策略变得尤为重要和紧迫。英国伦敦、美国纽约和新奥尔良、日本东京、加拿大温哥华等国际重要河口城市已经制定了详尽的适应气候变化策略,其中有很多有益的经验值得我国的河口城市学     

论城市生活垃圾现状、管理及对策

<正>随着我国社会经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,城市生产生活过程中产生的垃圾废物日益增多。城市生活垃圾的大量增加,使得垃圾处理日趋困难,由此而产生的环境污染等问题逐渐引起社会各界的广泛关注。据统计,我国大约有三分之二的城市已经处于垃圾的包围之中。城     

从娃娃抓起的国外环境教育

<正>环境问题已成为现代社会普遍关心的一个全球性问题。随着环境问题的日益严重和人们对环境问题认识的日益加深,人们越来越清楚地认识到环境教育对培养人的环境保护意识的重要性。目前,环境教育在全世界许多国家已经开展起来,尤其是"环境教育从娃娃抓起"成为共识,各国对青少年认识环境、热爱环境、保护环境的教育都有不少的"高招",很值得我们学习借鉴。位于太平洋西南部的岛屿国家新西兰,环境优美、气候宜人,森林资源丰富,地表景观富变化。新西兰为了帮助孩子们(尤其是城市孩子)学会不使用化肥种植花卉和蔬菜,减少化肥给环境带来的不利影响,在小学特别设置了有机园艺种