五氯酚钠及二(口恶)(口英)残留毒物对人外周血淋巴细胞的影响

采用彗星试验和微核试验,协同探索了五氯酚钠(Na-PCP)、二(口恶)(口英)类物质联合作用对血吸虫病流行区和正常生活区的人体外周血淋巴细胞影响效应.结果表明,实际用药区居民的外周血淋巴细胞以及用五氯酚钠与二(口恶)(口英)类物质联合作用处理过的正常人外周血淋巴细胞,其彗星率与微核率均高于对照组,在一定浓度范围内有剂量效应关系;基本的联合毒性作用推测为Na-PCP中的杂质PCDs与PCDFs等多种化学物质会损伤人体外周血淋巴细胞的DNA,其毒性作用比单一的二(口恶)(口英)类物质作用强.     

Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.     

小型高效回转窑式焚烧炉的探索与实践

针对化工行业中多种类工业废弃物的特点 ,确定采用回转窑式焚烧炉的可行性 ,给出了焚烧系统的设计思路以及重要设备的计算方法 ,并在实际中加以验证     

Melting and incineration plants of municipal waste. Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of thermal processing samples (emission,residues)

Control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions and thermal residues from incinerators has been a cause of public concern for more than one decade. Recently, several studies showed that other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) also have dioxin-like activity and are released from incinerators. Therefore, the present study was aimed at making a risk assessment about dioxin-like activity in extracts of thermal waste residues (e.g. combustion gas; fly ash, slag) from incineration and melting processes in Germany and Japan. For this purpose, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by chemical analysis. Additionally, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQs) were determined by in vitro Micro-EROD bioassay using rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. EROD-TEQs could be correlated to I-TEQ values (from PCDD/Fs/co-PCBs) analyzed by chemical analysis resulting in a maximal sixfold higher estimate. Our study indicates minor influences of co-PCBs, PAHs and PCNs to the sum of dioxin-like toxicity in the extracts of thermal waste residues as determined here. Furthermore, we showed that the levels of dioxins and co-PCBs contained in slag from melting processes and bottom ashes from incineration processes were lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude than that in fly ash.     

VOx-MnOx/TiO2催化脱除氮氧化物与二英研究

二英会降低人类的免疫力,影响人体和神经发育;氮氧化物则会对人体的各项脏器和血液组织有严重危害,还会破坏臭氧层,加速酸雨的形成.商业钒钛催化剂既能脱除氮氧化物又能催化分解二英（邻二氯苯作为模拟物）,二英活性温度区为200~300℃,而脱硝活性温度为300~400℃.研究了VO_x/TiO₂、MnO_x/TiO₂以及VO_x-MnO_x/TiO₂等催化剂在200~300℃脱硝、脱除二英的情况.结果表明,在VO_x/TiO₂催化剂中掺入MnO_x促进脱硝活性温度区间由300~400℃往200~300℃偏移,当MnO_x和VO_x摩尔比为3：1时,催化剂在250℃脱硝和脱除二英的效果最好,催化NO和邻二氯苯效率分别为92.0%和89.0%.原位红外漫反射光谱研究表明,1V3M/T催化剂表面的脱硝反应在250℃遵循L-H机理,—NH₂、N_xH_yO_z、单齿亚硝酸盐和二齿硝酸盐是主要的反应中间体.     

布袋除尘器和活性炭滤布对烟气中二噁英类的去除效果

通过实验研究了布袋除尘器、活性炭滤布吸附器以及二者的组合对小型垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英类的去除效果.在炉膛温度850℃～900℃的条件下,3种方法对烟气中二噁英类的去除率分别为39.7%、61.9%、93.4%采用布袋除尘器+活性炭滤布吸附器能够在降低运行费用的同时使二噁英类的排放符合国家标准     

城市生活垃圾低污染气化熔融系统研究

为彻底消除城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二次污染,对流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融系统进行了研究.我国典型城市生活垃圾流化床气化试验表明,最佳气化温度为600℃左右;对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融特性试验表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰在1 300℃左右、垃圾掺煤焚烧飞灰在1 400℃左右时,能顺利熔融,二分解率99.99%以上,重金属有效固化.结合我国实际,提出了2种气化熔融系统方案:①基于垃圾综合处理的筛上物气化熔融技术方案;②原生垃圾+辅助燃料气化熔融技术方案;并进行相应的热力性能分析,研究表明2种方案都能较好满足气化熔融要求.     

生活垃圾热解气化二噁英生成指示物浓度分布及关联模型研究

生活垃圾热解气化过程中二噁英在线监测关联模型缺失.本文研究了不同反应气氛、氯源条件下生活垃圾热解气化过程中二噁英及指示物氯苯、多环芳烃的排放特性,利用SPSS软件量化二噁英与前驱物氯苯、多环芳烃之间的相关性.结果表明,由于还原性气氛的抑制,热解气化条件下二噁英毒性当量要比氧化性条件下低60倍.此外,12种氯苯中1,2,3-TrCBZ (1,2,3-trichlorobenzene)可作为城市生活垃圾热解气化烟气中二噁英含量的优选指示物,并建立了气相PCDD/Fs (Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans)与1,2,3-TrCBZ浓度的线性相关模型.16种多环芳烃中BKF（苯并荧蒽）和DbA （二苯并蒽）与二噁英总量、毒性当量的关联性一般,R2在0.7左右.本研究可为热解气化条件下二噁英在线监测关联模型的建立提供理论指导.     

Temporal limitations in the use of potassium dichromate as a blood preservative for the analysis of organohalogenated contaminants including polybrominated diphenyl ethers,dioxins and PCBs

Previous studies described the use of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) to successfully preserve whole blood for up to 34 days at room temperature (20–22°C) for analysis of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs. Potassium dichromate has been successfully employed as a preservative for cows’ milk and in a World Health Organization study of human milk. The use of two 100?mg tablets in 40 to 100?mL of whole blood in anticoagulant was found to provide almost identical levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs and lipids as found in frozen comparison blood at??70°C which is generally regarded as the gold standard for blood preservation. Potassium dichromate was found to be preferable to 20 and 40% ethyl alcohol for this preservation. This finding opens opportunities for preservation under field conditions in developing countries where neither electricity nor dry ice is available. Not having to use dry ice for shipping also allows more flexibility in the choice of commercial carriers for transporting blood to an analytical laboratory. It is recommended considering a number of compounds in addition to those studied in our first report and extending the time beyond 34 days in order to determine if longer storage might also be feasible. Data on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reported. For the present study 3 and 6 months were chosen in potassium dichromate at room temperature compared to freezing at ?70°C. Data indicate that these times exceed the limits of efficacy of potassium dichromate for whole blood preservation. This was attributed to degradation of the lipid component of the blood. Since dioxins and closely related structural analogues are traditionally reported as lipid normalized blood levels, this degradation of lipids provides erroneous results. Therefore, potassium dichromate is not recommended for long-term storage beyond 34 days at room temperature. It is planned to study the time period between one and three months and higher temperature preservation for shorter time periods, simulating conditions in tropical countries, to attempt to extend further the ease and convenience of chemical preservation of blood.     

Abstracts to forthcoming papers

Soil and sediments collected at a former chlor‐alkali plant in coastal Georgia (United States), revealed the presence of PCDF concentrations as great as 82.3 ng/g, dry wt. PCDF congener profile in soil was typical of “chlorine pattern”; with elevated proportions of OCDF and HpCDF. Concentrations of PCDFs declined gradually by 44‐fold at a distance of about 500 m along the contamination gradient. Of PCDDs/DFs, 2,3,7,8‐substituted PCDFs accounted for 94–98% of the TCDD‐like activity, which declined by 25‐fold, corresponding with the reduction of total PCDF concentrations. Concentrations of PCDDs in sediments were as great as 17 ng/g, with an elevated contribution from OCDD. The magnitude of decline in PCDD concentrations with distance from the source was less pronounced than that for PCDFs. PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected. Polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBBE) and monobromo‐heptachloro dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDDs/DFs) were found, though, at low concentrations. Their spatial distribution was similar to those of PCDDs.