Effectiveness of Multi‐Site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling1

Khalili, Malika, François Brissette, and Robert Leconte, 2011. Effectiveness of Multi‐site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00514.x Abstract: A multi‐site weather generator has been developed using the concept of spatial autocorrelation. The multi‐site generation approach reproduces the spatial autocorrelations observed between a set of weather stations as well as the correlations between each pair of stations. Its performance has been assessed in two previous studies using both precipitation and temperature data. The main objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of this multi‐site weather generator compared to a uni‐site generator with respect to hydrological modeling. A hydrological model, known as Hydrotel, was applied over the Chute du Diable watershed, located in the Canadian province of Quebec. The distributed nature of Hydrotel accounts for the spatial variations throughout the watershed, and thus allows a more in‐depth assessment of the effect of spatially dependent meteorological input on runoff generation. Simulated streamflows using both the multi‐site and uni‐site generated weather data were statistically compared to flows modeled using observed data. Overall, the hydrological modeling using the multi‐site weather generator significantly outperformed that using the uni‐site generator. This latter combined to Hydrotel resulted in a significant underestimation of extreme streamflows in all seasons.     

Evaluating and Extending CLIGEN Precipitation Generation for the Loess Plateau of China1

Abstract: Climate generator (CLIGEN) is widely used in the United States to generate long‐term climate scenarios for use with agricultural systems models. Its applicability needs to be evaluated for use in a new region or climate. The objectives were to: (1) evaluate the reproducibility of the latest version of CLIGEN v5.22564 in generating daily, monthly, and yearly precipitation depths at 12 stations, as well as storm patterns including storm duration (D), relative peak intensity (ip), and peak intensity (rp) at 10 stations dispersed across the Loess Plateau and (2) test whether an exponential distribution for generating D and a distribution‐free approach for inducing desired rank correlation between precipitation depth and D can improve storm pattern generations. Mean absolute relative errors (MAREs) for simulating daily, monthly, annual, and annual maximum daily precipitation depth across all 12 stations were 3.5, 1.7, 1.7, and 5.0% for the mean and 5.0, 4.5, 13.0, and 13.6% for the standard deviations (SD), respectively. The model reproduced the distributions of monthly and annual precipitation depths well (p > 0.3), but the distribution of daily precipitation depth was less well produced. The first‐order, two‐state Markov chain algorithm was adequate for generating precipitation occurrence for the Loess Plateau of China; however, it underpredicted the longest dry periods. The CLIGEN‐generated storm patterns poorly. It underpredicted mean and SD of D for storms ≥10 mm by ?60.4 and ?72.6%, respectively. Compared with D, ip, and rp were slightly better reproduced. The MAREs of mean and SD were 21.0 and 52.1% for ip, and 31.2 and 55.2% for rp, respectively. When an exponential distribution was used to generate D, MAREs were reduced to 2.6% for the mean and 7.8% for the SD. However, ip estimation became much worse with MAREs being 128.9% for the mean and 241.1% for the SD. Overall, storm pattern generation needs improvement. For better storm pattern generation for the region, precipitation depth, D, and rp may be generated correlatively using Copula methods.     

Improved Weather Generator Algorithm for Multisite Simulation of Precipitation and Temperature

The KnnCAD Version 4 weather generator algorithm for nonparametric, multisite simulations of temperature and precipitation data is presented. The K‐nearest neighbor weather generator essentially reshuffles the historical data, with replacement. In KnnCAD Version 4, a block resampling scheme is introduced to preserve the temporal correlation structure in temperature data. Perturbation of the reshuffled variable data is also added to enhance the generation of extreme values. The Upper Thames River Basin in Ontario, Canada is used as a case study and the model is shown to simulate effectively the historical characteristics at the site. The KnnCAD Version 4 approach is shown to improve on the previous versions of the model and offers a major advantage over many parametric and semiparametric weather generators in that multisite use can be easily achieved without making statistical assumptions dealing with the spatial correlations and probability distributions of each variable.     

全自动漏斗吸嘴式粉尘发生装置样机研制

基于粉尘浓度测定和粉尘分布规律、运移规律和沉降规律研究的需要,在气溶胶粉尘发生器的基础上,设计了由计算机控制的全自动漏斗吸嘴式粉尘发生装置.提出了该装置的设计原理、设计结构及运行操作方法.基于C++设计了该装置的控制程序软件包,利用软件包中的驱动控制程序,实现了在计算机上对粉尘发生装置的远程遥控.监测传感器可及时发现吸嘴口是否出现粉尘堵塞,故障传感器同步监测步进电机和搅拌电机,通过微型计算机分析故障并发出相应控制指令.操作过程中,通过对圈数、时长、粉尘用量和密度的设置,可发生1种或多种粒径粉尘,控制发尘浓度、分散度,实现粉尘连续供给.通过发尘效果检验,得出在不同作业工序下,无论是连续产尘的喷浆、凿岩作业,还是瞬间产尘的爆破作业,该装置都具有较好的模拟产尘效果,产尘的分散度、浓度与现场实测值基本一致,表明该装置的粉尘粒度分布控制、产尘流量控制等技术达到了预期效果,可为研究粉尘相关特性试验提供稳定可靠、数量可控的粉尘源.     

SWAT模型降水输入参数的改进研究

水文模型的运行和模拟精度,很大程度上依赖于输入参数的质量。论文通过不同途径获取的降水数据作为SWAT模型的输入参数,比较分析模型模拟精度。研究发现通常SWAT模型在模拟过程中选择的降水站点是固定的,如果某些年份缺失数据则会调用天气发生器,天气发生器基本可以满足SWAT模拟的需要,可以取得比较满意的结果。利用空间插值为缺乏降水观测的子流域提供降水输入参数,一定程度上提高了SWAT的模拟精度。不过在某些降水过程时空变率较大的情况下,空间插值的降水量往往偏低,导致SWAT模型对洪峰的模拟效果不好。     

大功率应急柴油发电机组主油罐配置优化研究

为有效降低某工程大功率应急柴油发电机组主油罐的火灾安全风险和设备制造地下就位安装难度,通过对相关规范的分析,研究了两种主油罐配置优化方案,从规范符合性、油罐制造、油罐安装、安全性、运行要求和投资方面进行了比较,确定采用主油罐分置方案,并应用到具体工程项目。     

A solar hybrid thermoelectric generator and distillation system

A solar still of a single basin-slope coupled with a finned condensing chamber and installed thermoelectric modules at the bottom of the water basin has been presented in this paper. A mathematical model under steady state conditions has been introduced and improved to investigate the system performance. An increase of solar radiation and ambient temperature or a decrease in wind velocity affect positively the distillation rate, the still efficiency, and the system efficiency. Integrating a condenser and finned condenser increases the distillation rate of the proposed system. The results of the simulation have been verified by comparing them with published theoretical and experimental results, and the comparison shows very good agreement.     

增压式柴油发电机组的噪声治理技术

增压式柴油发电机组由于柴油机增压，使气流阻力增加。在对它进行降噪处理时，特别要控制其排气消声通道的压力损失。最关键的还是降低通道各器件中的流速。     

柴油发电机噪声控制技术的应用

柴油发电机组噪声强,发热量大.通过对柴油发电机组提出隔声、消声、减振、通风散热的具体措施后,经工程实践证明,方案设计合理,达到预期的降噪效果,昼间等效声级＜60 dB(A),夜间等效声级＜50 dB(A),符合GB12348-90Ⅱ类排放标准.     

脉冲电晕法脱硫脱硝研究概述

本文概述了脉冲电晕脱硫脱硝研究所得的重要成果，着重总结了国内外有关电晕特性、反应机理、电源与反应器系统研究所得的重要结论。最后对该技术的前景作一展望。