颗粒物对紫外线灭活二级出水中粪大肠菌的影响

用低压紫外线照射具有相同颗粒物粒径分布的一系列水样,把实验结果带入二重动力学模型进行计算,评价自然状态下颗粒物对粪大肠菌的保护作用. 结果表明,二级出水中的大部分粪大肠菌都与颗粒物交连在一起;在颗粒物<10⁵ C·mL^-1时,颗粒物的增加会明显降低紫外线对二级出水中粪大肠菌的灭活率,但当颗粒物>10⁵ C·mL^-1时,这种影响不明显.从二重动力学模型的计算结果来看,对于不同颗粒物浓度的水样,难灭活的微生物所占的比重很小且比较稳定,大多数与颗粒物结合的粪大肠菌都较易被紫外线灭活.     

pH和铜离子对微囊藻毒素-LR荧光免疫检测的影响与消除

研究了pH和铜离子对倏逝波全光纤免疫传感器检测微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的影响及其消除措施.研究表明,过酸或过碱条件对MC-LR免疫检测均有较强烈的影响,当pH<6或pH>8时,系统检测的信号随pH的降低或增大明显下降;而当pH在6～8之间时,检测标准曲线的IC₅₀为1.01～1.04 μg/L,检测区间在0.12～10.5 μg/L之间,较适合MC-LR的检测.低浓度铜离子对MC-LR免疫检测的影响不大,当CuSO₄浓度>5 mg/Ｌ时,系统检测荧光信号明显下降,而当CuSO₄浓度达到10 mg/Ｌ时,系统检测信号下降70％以上.在预反应混合物中添加1%的螯合剂EDTA,能有效抑制铜离子对免疫检测的影响.     

饮用水消毒中一氯胺的衰减动力学研究

对饮用水消毒过程中一氯胺的衰减过程,采用二级反应速率模型对其衰减规律进行了非线性拟合;分别考察了pH值、温度、碳酸盐、溴离子、碘离子和天然有机物(NOM)浓度等水质参数变化对一氯胺衰减速率的影响.结果表明,pH值是影响一氯胺衰减速率的重要因素,pH<7.0时尤为明显;温度和碳酸盐对一氯胺的衰减速率均有明显影响;在pH=6.60时,随着溴离子浓度的增加一氯胺的衰减加快;在pH>7.60,0.1 mg/L的溴离子浓度对一氯胺的衰减影响不明显,碘离子对一氯胺的衰减影响较相同反应条件下溴离子的影响明显.此外,一氯胺衰减动力学模拟结果表明,采用二级动力学反应模型可以较好地拟合在卤素离子(Br-I、-)共存条件下的一氯胺衰减规律,对在沿海地区饮用水消毒工艺中不同条件下氯胺消毒剂浓度预测可以提供一定的理论和技术支持.     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...     

载铜蒙脱石对大肠杆菌K88吸附性能的研究

以蒙脱石(MMT)和硫酸铜为主要原料,制备了载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu),并对MMT-Cu吸附大肠杆菌K88的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:MMT和MMT-Cu对大肠杆菌K88均有较强的吸附作用,但载铜后蒙脱石吸附大肠杆菌的能力明显增强.细菌与吸附材料作用90min后可达到吸附平衡.介质pH值、离子强度和吸附温度对MMT和MMT-Cu吸附细菌的能力均有不同程度的影响.     

氧化铝负载镧去除水中F-的研究

通过固相反应合成了氧化铝负载的氧化镧吸附剂并研究了其对水中F-的吸附.结果表明.合成的材料对F-有很好的去除效果,最大吸附量达到53.4 mg·g-1;适当提高吸附温度和氧化镧负载量都能在一定范围内提高吸附量;较低的固相反应焙烧温度有利于提高去除率,随着焙烧温度的升高,吸附量从170℃焙烧的42.2 mg·g-1下降到了350℃焙烧的32.9 mg·g-1.同时,吸附剂表现出了很好的适应性,在较宽的pH范围内都能保持较高的吸附量.     

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As（Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) and arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at different ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(Ⅲ) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(Ⅲ) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostatic attraction under the acidic condition. Moreover, intersects of As(Ⅴ) adsorption-pH curves at different ionic strengths (a characteristic pH) are obtained for both soils. It was noted that above this pH, the adsorption of As(Ⅴ) was increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas below it the reverse trend was true. Precisely the intersect pH was 3.6 for Haplic Acrisol and 4.5 for Rhodic Ferralsol, which was near the values of PZSE (soil point of zero salt effect) of these soils. The effects of ionic strength and pH on arsenate adsorption by these soils were interpreted by the adsorption model. The results of zeta potential suggested that the potential in adsorption plane becomes less negative with increasing ionic strength above soil PZSE and decreases with increasing ionic strength below soil PZSE. These results further supported the hypothesis of the adsorption model that the potential in the adsorption plane changes with ionic strength with an opposite trend to surface charge of the soils. Therefore, the change of the potential in the adsorption plane was mainly responsible for the change of arsenate adsorption induced by ionic strength on variable charge soils.     

两极秋千效应

在末次冰期（第四纪最后一次冰期）时代,格陵兰岛和南极洲之间千年温度尺度变化的异步关系已经导致了“两极秋千效应”,而这种“两极秋千效应”使大西洋的经向环流发生了逆转变化。过去数千年,南极洲与北大西洋之间的温度变化幅度大约在1至3度之间。这两个不同的冰芯被欧洲南极冰芯研究项目的科学家描述成是“两极秋千”,即大西洋一端的变化对另一端有着巨大影响,只不过影响的时间和影响的途径不同,原因可能同洋流传送带系统有关。     

土壤含水层处理出水的回用健康风险评价

通过土壤柱实验,研究了土壤含水层处理工艺对污水处理厂二级处理出水的处理效果。初步讨论了土壤含水层处理工艺对各种污染物的去除机理,并评价了不同回用途径再生水对人体的健康风险。研究结果表明:土壤含水层处理工艺能够有效去除二级处理出水中的有机物和重金属离子,对大肠菌和粪大肠菌的去除率大于99.9%。健康风险评价结果显示:再生水的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,终生致癌风险在10-6数量级,而非致癌物质的健康危害风险在10-9数量级。