Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

江苏省人为源挥发性有机物排放清单

掌握VOCs排放特征是研究区域大气复合污染特征和控制策略的前提.对江苏省VOCs人为源进行系统分类,收集活动水平数据,应用国内外排放因子研究成果及江苏省行业调研结果,采用排放因子法建立了江苏省2010年分行业、分城市的人为源VOCs排放清单.结果表明:江苏省人为源VOCs排放总量约为179.20×104t,其中化石燃料燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、工业过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、油品储运源的排放量分别占排放总量的24.1%、3.3%、22.3%、25.3%、18.4%和6.6%,工业过程源中石油炼制、有机化工、医药制造是重点行业,溶剂使用源中机械装备制造、电子设备制造是重点行业.南京、苏州、无锡、常州、南通5个苏南城市VOCs排放量明显高于苏北和苏中地区,占全省总排放量的60.0%,苏州、南京、无锡排放量居前3位.各城市化石燃料燃烧源和移动源排放所占比例均超过10.0%,其他重点行业差异显著,其中南京市为石油炼制、有机化工,苏州市为有机化工、机械涂装,无锡市为有机化工、电子设备制造.     

美国交通部门控制温室气体排放政策的演变

<正>对于任何国家而言,交通行业都是其主要温室气体排放来源之一,亦是各国控制温室气体排放的关键。本文主要介绍美国交通部门的减排政策法规及配套措施,以供我国借鉴。一、"双赢"的温室气体减排政策美国被誉为"车轮上的民族",其交通运输业的发达可想而知,因而其排放的温室气体亦影响较大。据测算,当前美国交通部门能耗占能源消费总量的28.1%,其温室气体排放量占总温室气体排放量的27%。     

速读

<正>自行车改变世界说自行车可以改变世界听起来像是过于简单化的东西,但是当你仔细观察分析就很容易发现,自行车对我们的影响不仅仅是从A地到B地。首先,它为我们提供了替代的交通工具,减碳效果无需赘述,同时还能为我们节省浪费在交通拥堵上的数十亿小时;其次,自行车还是一种权力的象征,美国女权运动领袖Susan B.Anthony曾经说过,"让我告诉你我想骑自行车。我认为那样比世界上任何其他形式都更能解放女性。它给女性一种自由和自立的感觉。"     

ENN精粹

<正>有前景的埃博拉疫苗处于研发状态ENN环境新闻网新闻2014年10月27日并不是每个染上埃博拉病毒的人都会死亡,埃博拉病毒感染的存活率大约30%左右,这表明用疫苗来应对埃博拉病毒是完全有可能的。虽然目前已经有了应对埃博拉病毒的实验和疫苗,但是都尚未进行安全性和有效性的大规模的测试(2期临床试验)。国际免疫学会联盟(IUIS)日前在其官方杂志上发表了一份声明,前沿免疫学迫切需要有足够的资金用于临床试验的候选疫苗和疫苗试验者,并且还得尽快     

新城市主义范本:TOD模式——从《TOD在中国》新书签发暨研讨会谈起

<正>"APEC蓝"的启示——低碳TOD模式刚刚结束的APEC会议让"APEC蓝"变成一道风景和网络热词,为了炼成"APEC蓝",我国政府对症下药里的重要一剂就是采用了机动车单双号限行、公车封存70%来防止空气污染。相关统计显示,APEC会议期间通过全市单双号限行等措施,机动车排放污染物总量大幅下降,其中颗粒物(PM)减排58%。仅就11月3日启动机动车单双号限行以来,交通运行指数就降低70%,车流量比黄金周第一天下降30%,道路属于完全畅通状态。     

建立系统完整的低碳发展制度体系

<正>低碳发展是一种可持续发展模式,它是人类应对全球气候变暖的唯一选择。低碳发展是科学发展观的本质特征,是生态文明建设的重要内容,也是我国现代化实践的必然选择。推进低碳发展,是关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的长远大计,是实现两个"一百年目标"的战略要求,也是加快转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构、推进新的产业革命的重大机遇。推进低碳发展,必须建立系统完整的低碳发展制度体系。