基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析

为研究南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染来源,分别在3个点位、4个季节开展了PM2.5环境样品的采集,共获得170个有效样本.对样本进行了化学成分分析,包括Al、Fe、Na、Mg、K、Ba、Li、Tl、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sb、Pb、Cr、Ce、Na+、NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、以及OC、EC,共计26种.首先采用OC/EC最小比值法估算出二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的含量;然后利用正矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM2.5的非SOA部分进行来源解析,共解析出6类因子:二次无机气溶胶(SIA)、燃煤、机动车排放、地面扬尘、冶金和其它源,贡献率分别25.0%、23.5%、20.4%、17.1%、3.0%和11.0%;最后基于南京市SO2、NOx、VOCs三种主要前体污染物的排放量,分别对SIA和SOA在一次来源中进行再分配.最终结果表明,南京市PM2.5主要来源为燃煤、机动车、扬尘、工业和其它源,其贡献率分别为29.6%、22.4%、14.6%、18.7%和14.7%.     

上海市大气沉降物中多环芳烃赋存特征及其来源

以上海市大气沉降为研究对象,采集了上海市8月、9月、10月3个月的大气沉降物,分析了上海市大气沉降物中16种PAHs的质量浓度、空间分布特征和组成结构,计算了上海市8个采样点∑15PAHs大气沉降物通量.同时,采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对大气沉降中的PAHs进行源解析,模型对PAHs的来源有较为细致的判读,结果表明:大气沉降物中∑16PAHs的浓度范围0.458~21.013μg/L,其中,溶解相中∑16PAHs的浓度范围为0.174~0.625μg/L,颗粒相中∑16PAHs的浓度范围为0.275 20.455μg/L.上海市∑15PAHs大气沉降通量在0.24~14.74μg/(m2×d)之间,沉降通量均值为2.77μg/(m2×d).根据PMF模型解析,机动车尾气排放为大气沉降物中PAHs的主要污染物,源贡献率为40.23%,其次,居民烹调、煤炭燃烧、石油挥发泄露和炼焦排放依次占23.73%、14.75%、14.35%和6.92%.     

北京城市发展新区土地利用景观格局分析

以北京南部城市发展新区典型代表———房山、大兴、通州3处作为研究区,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和景观格局指数的方法,进行土地利用变化和景观格局分析。通过对2001—2006年、2006—2011年两个时段的对比分析,发现2001—2006年研究区存在草地、林地、耕地等非建设用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升的趋势,且2006—2011年该趋势更加明显。结果表明研究区自然景观向人文景观变革迅速,并面临着后备土地资源不足等问题,亟需调整土地利用方式并优化景观系统空间格局。     

典型行业再利用土壤重金属含量分布、来源解析及生态风险评价

为深入探究典型行业再利用土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,基于上海市嘉定区49个地块315个不同深度剖面土壤样品数据,采用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评估Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg和As这7种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用源解析受体模型（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区土壤中除As外,其余重金属均不同程度超过上海市土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni和Hg含量分别是背景值的3.54、2.34、2.91、1.20、3.75和4.40倍;7种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,重金属在表层土壤中存在一定程度的富集,人类活动影响了重金属在土壤中的分布规律.②研究区内APCS-MLR和PMF两种受体模型均识别出土壤重金属4种主要来源,源1（Cu、Zn和Pb）为金属制品和汽车制造混合源,源2（Ni和Cd）为电镀企业来源,源3（Hg）主要为化工企业来源,源4（As）为自然源,两种受体模型结合运用,进一步提高源解析的精准度和可信度.③地累积指数由大到小表现为：Hg（1.54）>Ni（1.32）>Cd（1.21）>Cu（0.96）>Pb（0.64）>Zn（-0.33）>As（-1.02）;潜在生态风险指数结果显示,研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI值在32.50~4 910.97,均值为321.40,整体呈现较强潜在生态风险,再开发利用工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Ni和Cd的污染值得进一步关注.     

A new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis

Conventional fault detection method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) is sensitive to outliers in the modeling data and thus may perform poorly under the adverse effects of outliers. To solve such problem, a new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) is proposed in this paper. A RobustICA algorithm which can effectively reduce the effects of outliers is firstly developed to estimate the mixing matrix and extract non-Gaussian feature called independent components (ICs) by robust whitening and robust determination of the maximum non-Gaussian directions. Furthermore, a monitoring statistic for each extracted IC is constructed to detect process faults. Simulations on a simple example of the mixing matrix estimation and a fault detection example in the continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the RobustICA achieves much higher estimation accuracy for the mixing matrix and the ICs than the commonly used FastICA algorithm, and the RobustICA-based fault detection method outperforms the conventional FastICA-based fault detection method in terms of the fault detection time and fault detection rate.     

Estimating the uncertainty of pesticide residue analysis from mango using multi-residue analysis and validation of method

Validation of method was performed for various pesticides on mango matrix involving the processing of sample at ambient and cryogenic conditions. The linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, matrix effect, and recovery were studied as the aspects of method validation. The effect of matrix on recovery was found to be medium (20–50%) and strong (>50%). After correction by matrix-matched calibration curves, the recovery was calculated to be in the range of 80–107% and 80–105% at ambient and cryogenic processing, respectively. The precision estimated for the recovery of pesticides obtained from both solvent- and matrix-matched calibration curves and at both the processing conditions was determined to be >20% except for chlorpyrifos and atrazine. The uncertainty established for the methodology was >20%, which substantiates the efficiency and reliability of methodology used for pesticide residue analysis in mango in this study.     

光谱特征法辨识不同污染景观河道中溶解性有机物的组分与来源

利用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）结合平行因子分析方法（PARAFAC）及紫外-可见光谱技术（UV-vis）,对苏州古城区内不同污染状况的景观河道中溶解性有机物（DOM）的光谱特征和来源进行解析.结果表明,苏州古城区内景观河道水体总体上表现为氮、磷营养盐污染.水体中的DOM解析出4种荧光组分,分别为自源类色氨酸C1（λ_Ex/λ_Em=235（290） nm/349 nm）、陆源类腐殖质C2（λ_Ex/λ_Em=250（315） nm/403 nm）、类色氨酸和酪氨酸的混合物C3（λ_Ex/λ_Em=230（275） nm/319 nm）和UVA类腐殖质C4（λ_Ex/λ_Em=240（350） nm/459 nm）.相关性分析表明各个组分之间具有同源性,荧光组分与氮类营养盐和叶绿素a （Chl a）存在显著相关性,说明DOM与氮营养盐迁移转化、藻类活动有关.景观河道DOM中类蛋白类物质含量最多,类蛋白类物质的总荧光强度比例为66.36%~76.84%,类腐殖质荧光强度比例为23.15%~34.74%.在4种污染类型水体中,组分C1和C4含量没有明显差距,组分C2和C3含量差距较大,有机主导型水体中C2含量最大,无机主导型水体C3含量最大.同时分析了水体中DOM的荧光指标和吸收光谱指标,发现各种表观污染类型水体中荧光指数FI、自生源指数BIX均较大,且腐殖化指数HIX小于3.5,腐殖化程度弱,主要为内源;有机主导型水体中吸收系数a₂₅₄最大,芳香性最强.各种类型水体中吸收系数比值E2/E3均小于3.5,E2/E4较大,光谱斜率比值S_R大于1,DOM相对分子量较小,河道水体DOM的来源中内源贡献较大.     

城市轨道交通突发大客流协同应急决策研究

为研究城市轨道交通突发大客流下的客流控制应急决策的制定与调整,对城市轨道交通客流特征进行分析,将协同矩阵与多目标规划理论运用到突发大客流下多车站协同客流控制应急决策研究中。在协同车站间路网拓扑结构的基础上,提出分别考虑各车站协同与不协同、协同车站加入或退出、协同车站评价标准变化等情况下,初始应急决策的制定与动态方案调整方法。研究结果表明:使用该方法能够表达城市轨道交通车站间协同作业的各种状态,实现突发客流冲击情况下的路网多车站动态协同应急决策的制定与动态调整,可为城市轨道交通网络化协同作业理论与方法的研究提供参考。     

堆放垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物的荧光特性

为揭示堆放垃圾渗滤液物质组成特性及其变化规律,采用三维荧光光谱,对4个不同垃圾堆场渗滤液水溶性有机物(DOM)进行了研究.结果显示,堆放垃圾渗滤液样品S1中含有2类蛋白荧光峰:类酪氨酸荧光峰和类色氨酸荧光峰,其他3个样品(S2、S3及S4)只含有类色氨酸荧光峰,此外还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰,且不同样品中该峰的数目、类型及位置均存在差异,显示渗滤液样品S1只含有类蛋白类物质,而其他3个样品除此之外还含有类腐殖质物质,且腐殖化程度各异.类蛋白类物质-Hg(II)配位研究显示,与类色氨酸荧光峰相比,类酪氨酸荧光峰更易受介质微环境改变影响;室温培养模拟研究显示,与类腐殖质物质相比,类蛋白类物质更易发生降解.三维荧光光谱可以有效表征堆场渗滤液DOM物质组成及其变化规律.     

Habitat Split as a Cause of Local Population Declines of Amphibians with Aquatic Larvae

Abstract:  Most amphibian species have biphasic life histories and undergo an ontogenetic shift from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. In deforested landscapes, streams and forest fragments are frequently disjunct, jeopardizing the life cycle of forest-associated amphibians with aquatic larvae. We tested the impact of habitat split—defined as human-induced disconnection between habitats used by different life-history stages of a species—on four forest-associated amphibian species in a severely fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We surveyed amphibians in forest fragments with and without streams (referred to as wet and dry fragments, respectively), including the adjacent grass-field matrix. Our comparison of capture rates in dry fragments and nearby streams in the matrix allowed us to evaluate the number of individuals that engaged in high-risk migrations through nonforested habitats. Adult amphibians moved from dry fragments to matrix streams at the beginning of the rainy season, reproduced, and returned at the end of the breeding period. Juveniles of the year moved to dry fragments along with adults. These risky reproductive migrations through nonforested habitats that expose individuals to dehydration, predation, and other hazards may cause population declines in dry fragments. Indeed, capture rates were significantly lower in dry fragments compared with wet fragments. Declining amphibians would strongly benefit from investments in the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation and corridors linking breeding and nonbreeding areas.