不同培养条件下锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的合成及其对甲基橙的降解

高效、大规模、低成本合成木质素降解酶是直接采用其降解难降解有机污染物所必须解决的问题.对锰过氧化物酶(MnP)降解甲基橙和在非灭菌的反应器中连续合成MnP的可行性进行考察.结果表明,在采用2 mmol H2O2和1.5 mmol MnSO4的降解体系中,获最大脱色效果,且100、200和300 U/L的MnP可在8h内将甲基橙分别脱色18％、23％和35％;在非灭菌的反应器水平上实现了固定化培养的P.chrysosporium连续23 d合成MnP,但MnP酶活仅为2～ 23 U/L,难以酶解甲基橙;然而,在摇瓶培养条件下固定化的P.chrysosporium合成的MnP却能达1 152 U/L.因此,直接采用MnP对污染物进行降解以及在非灭菌的反应器中持续合成MnP是可行的,但就在非灭菌条件下如何提高MnP的合成量还有待开展深入的研究.     

固定化微藻流化床反应器去除低碳污水中氨氮的潜力

以固定化微藻颗粒为原料,通过搭建流化床反应器强化微藻对氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除,设计了藻种、污水上升流速、光周期和光照强度四组单一变量实验,系统地研究了不同条件下微藻去除NH₄⁺-N的能力.结果表明,当以固定化斜生栅藻为原料、污水上升流速为6.8m/h、光周期为8：16h和光照强度为4800Lux时,NH₄⁺-N去除效果最优（96.7%）.在最优操作条件下,探究了COD为200mg/L时微藻去除NH₄⁺-N的潜力,结果表明,当NH₄⁺-N初始浓度不高于50mg/L时,NH₄⁺-N去除率高于95%.本实验建立了一套半连续微藻流化床实验方法,该方法显著减弱了微藻在生物同化过程中对有机碳源的依赖性,为低COD条件下微藻生物脱氮工艺的设计提供了技术参考和理论基础.     

Time dependent influx and efflux of phenol by immobilized microbial consortium

Phenol, like many other organic solvents, is toxic to micro-organisms even at low concentrations. However, some micro-organisms can withstand this toxicity to a certain concentration. To observe the uptake mechanism of phenol, bacteria were isolatedfrom a petroleum refinery effluent and identified. Study was carried out to understand the effect of varying sub-lethal concentrations of phenol, on all the isolated individual bacterial cultures. Out of the bacteria isolated, Serratia liquefaciens was found to tolerate phenol concentration up to 1500 mg l^-1. A microbial consortium of the isolated bacteriawas formulated and immobilized. Individual cultures were also immobilized and uptake of phenol by the immobilized micro-organisms was observed in a nutrient-rich and nutrient-stressed medium containing phenol as a sole source of carbon. A time-dependent uptake of phenol was exhibited by the micro-organismsin nutrient-stressed medium, after which a sudden increase in phenol concentration occurred in the extracellular medium, till it reached back to the initial concentration. This was attributedto an active efflux mechanism adopted by the micro-organisms to withstand the toxic shock.     

微生物固定化技术与载体结构的研究

分析微生物固定化的一般方法、常用固定化载体的特性 ;并通过实验研究固定化微生物颗粒处理微污染水的净水效能 ,分析载体结构对微生物固定化微生物活性的影响     

表面铜螯合磁性二氧化硅固定化漆酶及其催化降解水中2，4-二氯酚

利用磁性二氧化硅表面接枝的聚丙烯酰胺络合Cu2＋离子，制备了表面铜螯合磁性SiO：材料，采用傅立叶红外光谱（FT．IR），X射线衍射（XRD）对该磁性材料进行了表征，并通过配位作用固定化漆酶，考察了其对水中2，4-二氯酚（2，4-DCP）的催化降解效能及主要影响因素。结果表明，表面铜螯合磁性SiO：固定化漆酶对2，4-DCP具有较好的催化降解效能，利用8g／L固定化漆酶催化降解50mL初始浓度为24．25mg／L的2，4-DCP，反应12h2，4-DCP去除率达91％；当pH值在3．0～6．0范围内时，2，4-DCP的去除率随反应pH值的增加而升高；2，4-DCP初始浓度在14．39～257．6mg／L范围内时，反应12h，2，4-DCP的去除率均达85％以上；给酶量增加促进2，4-DCP的去除，但过多的给酶量导致单位质量固定化漆酶催化降解2，4-DCP的速率下降；水中硫酸根离子对固定化漆酶催化降解2，4-DCP具有明显的促进作用，而碳酸氢根离子明显抑制反应的进行。     

Accumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil to plants and evaluation of soil remediation by vermiculite

We evaluated the distribution of 15 metal ions, namely Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zr, in the soil of a contaminated site in Piedmont (Italy). This area was found to be heavily contaminated with Cu, Cr and Ni. The availability of these metal ions was studied using Tessier’s sequential extraction procedure: the fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful for the environment, was much higher than that normally present in unpolluted soils. This soil was hence used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with vermiculite to reduce the availability of the pollutants to two plants, Lactuca sativa and Spinacia oleracea, by pot experiments. The results indicated that the addition of vermiculite significantly reduces the uptake of metal pollutants by plants, confirming the possibility of using this clay in amendment treatments of metal-contaminated soils. The effect of plant growth on metal fractionation in soils was investigated. Finally, the sum of the metal percentages extracted into the first two fractions of Tessier’s protocol was found to be suitable in predicting the phytoavailability of most of the pollutants present in the investigated soil.     

群体感应淬灭菌的分离及其膜污染控制性能

通过淬灭细菌的群体感应系统来抑制生物膜形成、防止膜生物污染的方法近年来受到广泛关注.本实验从实际运行污水处理厂活性污泥中分离出5株具有群体感应淬灭功能的菌株,其中菌株HG10对信号分子N-乙酰高丝氨酸环内酯(C6-HSL)分解能力最强.经16S rRNA基因序列比对,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).用海藻酸钠将菌株HG10进行包埋固定,以探究其在膜过滤系统中对膜污染防治的效果.结果表明,经过8 d培养,添加细菌包埋珠(SA-HG10)的实验组B中膜通量为181.29 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),未投加包埋珠的对照组A膜通量为110.64 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),B组膜通量比A组高出63.86%;对微滤膜片上生物膜中EPS含量测定表明,实验组B中EPS多糖和蛋白质含量较对照组A分别减少了29%和48%,疏水性蛋白质含量的大量减少是造成膜污染减弱的主要原因;膜表面胞外聚合物(EPS)总含量减少了43%,表明投放SA-HG10细菌包埋珠对过滤膜片上生物膜形成具有明显抑制作用,改善了膜过滤性能.     

改良型固定化Pseudomonas oleovorans DT4降解四氢呋喃的研究

成功构建出了新型的海藻酸钠-活性炭纤维复合固定化Pseudomonas oleovorans DT4来去除四氢呋喃,并优化了该复合固定化载体组分的含量,发现在海藻酸钠含量为3%,活性炭纤维含量为1.5%条件下,制备成细胞浓度为6×109g-1的协同固定化细胞在初始THF浓度为360 mg·L-1时的降解速率达到最大为24.0 mg·(L.h)-1,同时其机械强度也得到了显著的提升.此外与游离菌体相比,该固定化细胞在不同温度和pH条件下的降解速率表现得更加稳定,且去除效果均能稳定在80%以上.在改进的反应体系中,协同固定化小球高效降解THF的重复利用次数达到80批以上,显示出该载体良好的可行性.     

Degradation of direct azo dye by Cucurbita pepo free and immobilized peroxidase

Enzymatic decolourization of the azo dye, Direct Yellow (DY106) by Cucurbita pepo (courgette) peroxidase (CP) is a complex process, which is greatly affected by pH, temperature, enzyme activity and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and dye. Courgette peroxidase was extracted and its performance was evaluated by using the free-CP (FCP) and immobilized-CP (ICP) forms in the decolourization of DY106. Immobilization of peroxidase in calcium alginate beads was performed according to a strategy aiming to minimize enzyme leakage and keep its activity at a maximum value by optimizing sodium alginate content, enzyme loading and calcium chloride concentration. The initial conditions at which the highest DY106 decolourization yield was obtained were found at pH 2, temperature 20℃, H₂O₂ dose 1 mmol/L (FCP) and 100 mmol/L (ICP). The highest decolourization rates were obtained for dye concentrations 50 mg/L (FCP) and 80 mg/L (ICP). Under optimal conditions, the FCP was able to decolorize more than 87% of the dye within 2 min. While with ICP, the decolourization yield was 75% within 15 min. The decolourization and removal of DY106 was proved by UV-Vis analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis was also performed on DY106 and enzymatic treatment precipitated byproduct.     

基于藻类荧光的毒性测试研究进展

毒性测试以微藻细胞为生物敏感元件,以叶绿素荧光变化为响应指标,在监测水体重金属和农药污染方面,具有检出限低、重复性好等优点。然而,实际水环境中藻类生长受众多因素的影响,此法仅能反应各种污染因子的综合毒性。近几年,众多学者致力于提高微藻生物监测的特异性以确定污染物种类,改善微藻固定技术以适应原位监测。文章介绍了基于微藻荧光的毒性测试研究进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。。