提高凹凸棒粘土脱色力的新措施

本文介绍一种提高凹凸棒粘土脱色力的新方法。该方法能制得脱色力与活性炭相当的活性凹凸棒粘土;这种活性凹凸棒粘土可在某些领域代替活性炭作脱色剂、除臭剂,取得显著的经济效益。     

复合粘土防渗材料在城市垃圾填埋场中的应用

简要评述了复合粘土防渗材料在生活垃圾填埋场中的应用及其性能特点、质量控制的主要参数，以及在铺设时需要注意的基本事项。膨润土是复合防渗材料的主要原料。由于我国拥有世界上最大的膨润土资源，同时填埋场建设对其有很大的需求，可以预见到，膨润土以及复合粘土防渗材料的开发在我国将具有良好的前景。     

硅藻土在环境工程领域的应用进展

综述了硅藻土在废水、废气和土壤等环境污染治理领域的研究进展和存在的问题,认为硅藻土作为一种物理化学性能优良的添加助剂,表面结构独特,吸附性能良好,对其进行改性可以适应各种需求。许多研究表明,经过改性的硅藻土对废水、废气和土壤中重金属、无机和有机污染物均具有良好的吸附或降解效果,但是大多研究都处于实验室水平,并且大多都是单因素、单污染因子的实验研究,而对多因素多污染因子的研究较少。具体应用效果还有待于实际应用的验证。     

层状双金属氢氧化物的制备方法及光催化应用

层状双金属氢氧化物是一类离子型的层状化合物。由于独特的物理片层结构、多样的化学成分组合(层板氢氧化物化学组成多样和层间阴离子可交换多样),使其在催化、吸附、光电化学、药物科学等领域都具有广泛的应用。首先,根据此化合物基本的化学性质,对其合成方法进行总结分类。然后,根据其良好的选择性和稳定性的特性,总结归纳基于层状双金属氢氧化的催化材料作为吸附剂和光催化剂的最新应用发展和改性方法。通过对理论基础的研究,进一步加快层状双金属氢氧化物材料在光催化技术领域的发展。     

铋系光催化材料的制备及其应用研究

铋系光催化剂由于其独特的能带结构及可见光活性而表现出良好的光催化性能,在提高太阳能利用率、解决环境污染及能源短缺问题等多个领域都具有较好的应用潜能.近年来,铋系光催化材料的制备及其光催化性能应用成为研究的热点,对铋系光催化材料的制备及其应用展开研究.     

凹凸棒石黏土在烟气脱硝中的研究进展

当前我国脱硝行业控制氮氧化物排放很大程度上决定于催化剂的性能、成本等。广泛使用的二氧化钛基脱硝催化剂尽管性能好,但成本较高。相反,具有"千种用土"、"万土之王"的凹凸棒石黏土兼具性能良好和成本低廉的特点,因此可考虑用于脱硝。简述了凹凸棒石黏土的组成、资源分布、开发现状及其主要性能(吸附性和催化性),分析总结了凹凸棒石黏土基脱硝用催化剂的研究进展。研究将凹凸棒石黏土用作催化剂载体或者催化载体粘结剂制备出的催化剂,多以负载金属或者过渡金属作为催化活性组分,脱硝率一般都能达80%以上,部分催化剂在一定SO2浓度下依然有较好的催化转化效率。研究发现,凹凸棒石黏土基脱硝催化剂具有较好的催化反应性能,不仅有望一体式解决脱硝、脱汞、抗硫等问题,而且还将大大降低脱硝成本。     

改性凹土处理印染废水的研究

文章讨论了凹凸棒土的热处理改性方法，利用改性凹凸棒土对印染废水进行吸附脱色和降低COD性能研究，考察了改性温度、pH值、凹凸棒土投加量、吸附时间等因素的影响。结果表明：改性凹凸棒土对印染废水CODcr和色度有较好的去除能力，CODcr的去除率可达80％，脱色率可达98％以上，具有工业应用前景。     

SiN钝化层对GaN HEMT辐射效应的影响

GaN HEMT具有的大功率、高频率特性使其在空间应用中具有广阔的前景,GaN HEMT的空间辐射效应也引起了人们的广泛关注。然而GaN HEMT器件并没有完全体现出其材料优越的抗辐射能力,研究认为器件结构和制造工艺是导致器件和材料间抗辐射能力差距的主要原因之一。半导体制造工艺中通常采用钝化层进行隔离、保护以及调整反射率等来近一步提升器件性能,本文分析了钝化层对二维电子气(2DEG)和AlGaN/GaN异质结表面势垒高度的影响,讨论了不同钝化层结构GaN HEMT的辐射响应及退化机理,认为钝化层可有效改善GaN HEMT的抗辐射能力。     

趋磁细菌在重金属污水处理中的应用

趋磁细菌具有独特的磁场运动特性、生物学特性,其磁小体可作为生物活性物质的固定载体、磁记忆材料等,在重金属废水处理方面具有巨大潜力。介绍了趋磁细菌的发现、种类、特点及趋磁细菌在重金属废水处理中的应用,总结其应用前景及难点。     

聚合物在粘土及钻井液固体颗粒表面的吸附

围绕废弃钻井液的处理,采用非分散红外TOC仪测聚合物吸附量,研究了聚合物PAM、PHP、FA367、CPAM在粘土及钻井液固体颗粒表面的吸附特性,研究结果表明聚合物在粘土颗粒表面的吸附是高度不可逆的,聚合物高分子与粘土因氢键、静电及嵌入三种相互作用方式而吸附,阳离子型聚合物絮凝剂在钻井液固体颗粒表面比阴离子和非离子型絮凝剂有高得多的吸附性能,废弃钻井液的絮凝主要以“吸附架桥”机理为主。     

凹凸棒石粘土资源化现状研究

凹凸棒石是一种具有层链状结构，含水富镁（铝）的硅盐粘土矿物。本文结合国内外相关资料，从应用角度分析了凹凸棒石粘土的理化特性，综述了国内凹凸棒石粘土的应用现状，并提出了加强对凹凸棒石研究应用的几点建议。     

安徽明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源的开发利用

安徽明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源丰富，在我国稀有非金属矿产资源中占有重要地位。通过调查明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源、的基本状况和开发利用现状特征，分析了资源开发利用中存在的问题，提出了可持续发展的对策建议。     

絮凝剂对钻井污水ξ电势的影响

钻井污水是一种棕黑色的多组分复杂体系，含有大量粘土粒子、电解质、少量浮油和油田处理剂，基本上属于胶体体系。ξ电势是胶体的一个重要性质，试验中研究测试了几种常用无机絮凝剂处理钻井污水时ξ电势的变化，根据ξ电势的大小及等电点时絮凝剂的用量对其进行了筛选。     

生物修复技术治理农村面源水污染问题的调查研究

调查得知，随着农村化肥、农药、除草剂的大量使用以及禽畜养殖规模化的扩大，造成我国农村面源污染日趋严重。农村面源污染源分散，没有明确位置，其治理一直是个难题。本文结合成都市政府解决府南河水污染问题时采用的针对面源污染的生物修复技术，对此技术作了较深入的研究，并取得了一定的效果，对国内城市近郊农村面源污染有较好的参考价值。在对所需植物进行逐级实验后，可推广至农村以解决成都地区的面源污染问题。     

Glassceramics obtained from industrial waste

Large areas of Latvia are contaminated with industrial waste: metallurgical slag, fly-ash, etching refuse, peat, and coal ash as well as glass waste which often contain dangerous substances. From the environmental point of view this waste should be neutralised. As this waste also contains valuable chemical compounds, it can be considered as a raw material for the generation of new materials. One method of utilisation is to produce recycled materials — street plates, decorative tiles, or floor tiles. Dense sintered glassceramics with a water uptake of 0.34–3.23 wt.%, a final density of 2.93–3.05 g/cm³, and a bending strength of 80–96 MPa have been created from industrial waste. The mast chemically durable glassceramics contained clay additions. Thus, the material containing only waste had a durability (mass loss) of 3.02% in 0.1 N HCl, while the composition containing 30% clay addition had a durability of 0.2% in 0.1 N HCl.     

Environmental effects of soil property changes with off-road vehicle use

The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the physical and chemical properties of 6 soil series were measured at Hollister Hills State Vehicular Recreation Area in central California. Accelerated soil erosion and the alteration of surface strength, bulk density, soil moisture, temperature, and soil nutrients were quantified to gain an insight into the difficulty of revegetating altered, or modified, areas.Erosion is severe at Hollister Hills, particularly in coarse grained soils on steep slopes. Erosion displaced 0.5 and 3.0 metric tons per square meter on 2 trails on gravelly sandy loam, and 0.3 metric tons/m² from a trail on sandy loam. The surface strength and bulk density increased while the soil moisture decreased in gravelly sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, and clay. Clay loam had an increased surface strength with variably increased bulk density and no decrease in soil moisture. Diurnal temperature fluctuations increased and organic material and soil nutrients decreased in soil modified by vehicles.These property changes increase the erosion potential of the soil, impede germination of seedlings, and slow natural revegetation. Management methods in ORV-use areas should include planning trails by prior application of the universal soil loss equation and soil surveys, trail closure before complete loss of the soil mantle, and revegetation of closed areas.     

Transport and fate of nitrate and pesticides: hydrogeology and riparian zone processes

There is continuing concern over potential impacts of widespread application of nutrients and pesticides on ground- and surface-water quality. Transport and fate of nitrate and pesticides were investigated in a shallow aquifer and adjacent stream, Cow Castle Creek, in Orangeburg County, South Carolina. Pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations were detected in ground water with greatest frequency and largest concentrations directly beneath and downgradient from the corn (Zea mays L.) field where they were applied. In almost all samples in which they were detected, concentrations of pesticide degradates greatly exceeded those of parent compounds, and were still present in ground waters that were recharged during the previous 18 yr. The absence of both parent and degradate compounds in samples collected from deeper in the aquifer suggests that this persistence is limited or that the ground water had recharged before use of the pesticide. Concentrations of NO(-)(3) in ground water decreased with increasing depth and age, but denitrification was not a dominant controlling factor. Hydrologic and chemical data indicated that ground water discharges to the creek and chemical exchange takes place within the upper 0.7 m of the streambed. Ground water had its greatest influence on surface-water chemistry during low-flow periods, causing a decrease in concentrations of Cl(-), NO(-)(3), pesticides, and pesticide degradates. Conversely, shallow subsurface drainage dominates stream chemistry during high-flow periods, increasing stream concentrations of Cl(-), NO(-)(3), pesticides, and pesticide degradates. These results point out the importance of understanding the hydrogeologic setting when investigating transport and fate of contaminants in ground water and surface water.     

中国旅游业发展质量空间差异综合分析

从旅游者、旅游企业、区域影响层面构建旅游业发展质量综合评价指标体系,对我国大陆31个省（市、自治区）旅游业发展质量空间分异进行了综合分析。研究表明,我国旅游业发展质量空间差异明显,东部地区旅游业发展质量普遍高于中西部地区。根据旅游业发展质量空间差异,将我国旅游业发展质量划分为5个等级,概括为6大片区,并指出我国旅游业发展质量具有空间集聚的分布特征。     

How has a shortage of census and geological information impeded the regularization of artisanal and small‐scale mining?

There is growing consensus that a combination of laissez‐faire policies, ad hoc regulation and debilitating support services has perpetuated socio‐economic and environmental deterioration in the artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) industry. However, a lack of anthropological and geological information on ASM prevents many governments both from improving the policy environment of the industry, and from providing more robust extension services to its operators. This article aims to examine more precisely how a deficiency of baseline census and geological data has inhibited industry formalization and undermined many of the measures implemented to address pressing problems at ASM sites. Specifically, it is argued that insufficient knowledge of artisanal mining populations — including their demographic structure — and of areas suitable for ASM activities affects the ability of a government to regularize, as well as to improve, the organization of this largely informal sector of industry. Case studies of Ghana and Zimbabwe are used to illustrate how the undertaking of low‐budget projects in areas of geological prospecting and population analysis could improve the efficiency of ASM assistance.     

山西省城乡统筹发展效率的DEA分析

基于2009年山西省11个地级市城乡统筹发展的面板数据,运用数据包络分析（DEA）评价了各区域的城乡统筹发展效率,对其空间差异变化特征与规律进行了分析。结果表明,山西省城乡统筹发展效率总体上呈＂中部较高,普遍分化＂的分布特征,并存在两大＂DEA有效＂集群。自改革开放以来,山西省逐渐形成了中、东、西三大经济地带,即中部盆地区、东部山地区和西部高原丘陵区。规模效率是当前制约山西省城乡统筹发展综合效率的主要方面。全省普遍存在投入冗余现象,可通过优化环境、产业结构高级化、突出特色产业、提升产业技术、提高劳动力素质和城市化水平等途径来提高区域的城乡统筹发展效率。各区域之间城乡统筹发展效率的空间差异显著;对2009年山西省11个地级市进行相对效率分析,得出相对有效值为1的城市居多,北部朔州市和南端运城市相对效率差异明显,最后提出了相关政策建议。