提高“项目教学”实效性的实践研究

"项目教学法"是实施探究式教学模式的一种教学方法,适用于各类实践性和操作性较强的专业知识、技能的学习,可以帮助学习者提高学习效率,加强职业角色的塑造与职业能力的培养。"项目教学"被普遍认为是能将专业学科体系与职业行业体系紧密结合的教学模式,"项目捆绑教学模式"是实现高等职业教育"四个合作"的有效途径。研究影响这种教学模式开展的教师、学生、工程项目、教学管理等方面因素,以及总结该种模式在教学运行过程中的实效性手段,有利于提高高等职业教育的教学质量。     

项目教学法在高职商务英语谈判教学中的应用——以中国环境管理干部学院为例

项目教学法是教师为主导,学生为主体,项目为载体,任务为驱动,以职业能力培养为目标,以社会需求为背景的系统的教学方法。以中国环境管理干部学院为例,通过讲述项目教学法的特点及在实践教学中的应用原则,提出了项目教学法在学院商务英语谈判课堂上进行的步骤、遇到的困难,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

项目教学法在高职环境监测实践教学中的应用

“项目教学法”是一种以学生为中心的新型教学模式,在高职教育中应用广泛。从项目选取、项目实施、项目总结与评价以及考核方案设计等方面出发,结合教育实践,探讨了项目教学法在高职《环境监测》课程实践教学环节的应用,并对其实施效果进行了简要分析和总结。     

交际教学法在大学英语教学中的应用

交际法已经发展成为一种世界规模的外语教学理论和教学方法,成为当今世界各国外语教学界普遍承认和接受的基本原则.通过对交际教学法的进一步研究分析,叙述了什么是交际教学法,阐述了运用交际教学法组织大学英语教学的模式和交际教学法在大学英语教学中的运用,指出教师应充分运用交际教学法的基本原理更好地来提高中国英语教学水平.     

基于CDIO的高职市场营销专业教学模式创新与实践研究

在市场营销专业教学中,通过借鉴CDIO教学理念,建立三系统、四模块教学体系,制定基于项目的"做中学"的教学内容,采用行为导向的六步教学法引导学生主动学习,通过多元化方式进行评价,加强机制建设与教学团队建设。     

基于项目驱动的《计算机文化基础》七步教学法研究

针对斛算机文化基础》课程教学中的授课形式单调,授课内容不实用,不能激发学生的想象力,没有照顾到学生的个体学习差异以及不注重学习效果的调查反馈等问题,结合项目驱动教学理论,提出斛算机文化基础》课程的七步教学法,包括上好第一堂课,制定项目任务,学生尝试完成任务,教师重点讲解,学生二次尝试,一对一考核和效果反馈。实践证明,学生学习积极性提高了,不同进度学生的学习效果得到了保证,培养了学生一定的实践能力,效果良好。     

分组互动教学在环境综合实验课程中的应用

高职高专院校主要培养"实践型"人才,而非"学术型"人才,但在传统的实验教学中存在验证性实验多,而综合性、设计性实验少的现象,不利于培养学生积极探索、合作交流、创造性解决问题的能力。分组互动教学具有调动学生的学习积极性,增强合作与竞争意识,培养独立思考与团队精神,提高实践能力等优点。因此有必要在环境综合实验教学采用分组互动教学法,将不同层次的学生均衡地分布在各个小组中,使学生由被动接受变为主动参与,教师由过去的"主讲"变为"主导",充分调动学生的动脑、动口、动手能力。     

怎样强化环保专项资金项目监管

正怎样强化环保专项资金项目监管?笔者有以下几点体会。一是要用好有限的环境资源,加强环保项目实施监管。新《环保法》第68条规定:"地方各级人民政府、县级以上人民政府环境保护主管部门和其他负有环境保护监督管理职责的部门有下列行为之一的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员给予记过、记大过或者降级处分;造成严重后果的,给予撤职或者开除处分,其主要负责人应当引咎辞职。"十二届全国人大常务委员会第十次会议今年8月31日通过     

探究式教学法在高职环境监测教学中的应用

探究式教学法是一种既能发挥教师主导作用又能体现学生主体地位的新型教学方法。本文从培养学生自学能力、探究问题的能力和创新思维能力出发,依据高职学生及环境监测课程的特点,结合具体的教学实践阐述了探究式教学法的实施步骤和作用。     

任务驱动式教学在高职《环境法学》课程中的应用

在任务驱动教学法下,在自主学习中提出问题、解决问题是重点,进行学习效果评价、形成反馈信息是总结提高阶段,每一个环节都必须统筹安排,合理兼顾。《环境法学》课程教学活动中合理采用任务驱动教学法,不仅充分体现了以学生为主体、老师为主导的现代教育思想,而且极大地调动了学生的积极性和创造性,也为提高学生的实践能力和创新能力营造了良好的氛围。     

Discussion of the paper "Cost effective policies for alternative distributions of stochastic water pollution" by Gren, Destouni and Tempone

This discussion addresses some aspects of a recent paper appearing in this journal which investigates cost effective coastal water management based on different assumptions of the probability distributions (normal and log-normal) of pollutant transport. We also suggest an alternative approach to overcome the technical problems of using the theoretical correct distribution for characterising environmental data (log-normal) within a probabilistic programming framework.     

Carrying capacity as "Informed Judgment": the values of science and the science of values

Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers. That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the “values of science” to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding “science of values,” and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues.     

Determining advanced recycling fees and subsidies in "E-scrap" reverse supply chains

Primarily due to environmental concerns and legislative mandates, the disposition of end-of-life (EOL) electronics products has attracted much attention. Advanced recycling fees (ARFs) and government subsidies may play important roles in encouraging or curtailing the flows of recycled items. We present a Stackelberg-type model to determine ARFs and socially optimal subsidy fees in decentralized reverse supply chains where each entity independently acts according to its own interests. The model consists of one leader (the government) and two followers (a group of manufacturers, importers, and sellers (MISs) and a group of recyclers). To maximize social welfare, the government determines the ARFs paid by MIS and the subsidy fees for recyclers when MIS sells new products and recyclers process EOL products. We find that MIS and recyclers behave at the equilibrium status by choosing optimal selling quantity in the market and optimal reward money for customers bringing EOL products to recyclers. Under this approach the two fees achieve the maximum of social welfare at the equilibrium status, while both MIS and recyclers gain the maximum of profits. For comparative purposes, we also develop a conceptual model describing the current practice by which ARFs and the subsidy fees are determined on the basis of fund balance between revenues and costs along with recycling operations. We conclude that our results outperform current practice.     

Drawing the battle lines: tracing the "Science War" in the construction of the chloroform and human health risks debate

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Chlorine Chemistry Council, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and others have been embroiled in a legal challenge concerning the US EPA's "reversal" regarding the scientific assessment of chloroform's carcinogenicity. This issue arose during the US EPA's November 1998 promulgation of a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for chloroform in the Stage 1 Final Rules for Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts in drinking water. In this paper we adopt a claimsmaking approach: to trace the development and outcome of the chloroform court challenge in the USA, to examine the construction of scientific knowledge claims concerning chloroform risk assessments, and to investigate how different interpretations of scientific uncertainties regarding the evidence are contested when such uncertainties are brought into a regulatory and judicial arena. This "science war" (Chlorine Chemistry Council and others v. US EPA and others) took place in the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The scientific "authority" in the construction of scientific claims in this dispute is based on the International Life Sciences Institute expert panel report on chloroform. Examining these science wars is important because they signal critical shifts in science policy agendas. The regulatory outcome of the chloroform science war in the United States can have profound implications for the construction and acceptance of scientific claims regarding drinking water in other jurisdictions (e.g., Canada). In this challenge, we argue that the actors involved in the dispute constructed "boundaries" around accepted and credible scientific claims.     

Compliance with regulations by "swim-with-dolphins" operations in Port Phillip Bay,Victoria, Australia

Managing the activities of commercial wildlife viewing tends to involve either restricting the number of industry participants and/or regulating the activities or industry participants. We report on operator compliance with regulations regarding humans swimming with free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp.) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A total of 128 commercial dolphin-swim trips was studied between September 1998 and April 2000. Four permit conditions were investigated: approach type, swim time, time in proximity of dolphins, and presence of "fetal fold" calves. Results demonstrate noncompliance by operators to all of the four permit conditions studied. Compliance with temporal conditions was poorer than with other conditions. When conducting studies on the extent to which tourism affects cetaceans, investigators should consider whether tourist operations comply with existing regulations or guidelines.     

Integrative Management of Commercialized Wild Mushroom: A Case Study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thelephora ganbajun</Emphasis> in Yunnan,Southwest China

The management of wild mushroom is interdisciplinary in nature, whereby the biophysical considerations have to be incorporated into the context of a wide range of social, economic and political concerns. However, to date, little documentation exists illustrating an interdisciplinary approach to management of wild mushrooms. Moreover, the empirical case studies necessary for developing applicable and practical methods are even more rare. This paper adopted an interdisciplinary approach combining participatory methods to improve the habitat management of Thelephora ganbajun, an endemic and one of the most economically valuable mushroom species in Southwest China. The paper documents an empirical case of how an interdisciplinary approach facilitated the development of a scientific basis for policy and management practice, and built the local capacity to create, adopt and sustain the new rules and techniques of mushroom management. With this integrative perspective, a sustainable management strategy was developed, which was found not only technically feasible for farmers, but also acceptable to the government from an ecological and policy-related perspective. More importantly, this approach has greatly contributed to raising the income of farmers. The paper highlights how the integration of biophysical and socioeconomic factors and different knowledge systems provided a holistic perspective to problem diagnosis and resolution, which helped to cope with conventional scientific dilemmas. Finally, it concludes that the success of this interdisciplinary approach is significant in the context of policy decentralization and reform for incorporating indigenous knowledge and local participation in forest management.     

Social, economic, and ecological impacts of the "Grain for Green" project in China: a preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwest China

This paper provides applications of the integrated assessment (IA) approach in a case study in the Heihe River Basin of Northwest China. Some socio-economic and ecological impact results of forestry land use scenarios are presented in the paper. While seven types of land use scenarios for carbon sequestration purposes were considered for the IA applications, this paper mainly presents impacts of land use scenarios within the Grain for Green (GFG) category [see Yin et al., this volume]. China's national Grain for Green Project was implemented in order to protect and improve ecosystems, while allowing an evolution of agricultural management practices compatible with raising peasants' incomes. Zhangye Prefecture, located in the Heihe River Basin of an arid area in Northwest China, was chosen as the investigation site of the IA case study. Based on fundamental orientation theory, the social sustainability impacts of GFG land use options were assessed. Between 2002 and 2004, the GFG project brought US$23.56 million yuan in net income to the prefecture's peasants. Project implementation resulted in a 1.71 Gg increase in net primary productivity (NPP), as well as a 44.36 Gg rise in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggested that, in Zhangye Prefecture, the Grain for Green Project could enhance the sustainability and stability of the local society, increase peasants' net income, as well as protect and remediate local ecosystems.     

高科技园区的生态化管理

关于高科技因区管理方法的研究很多,但大多数只是从经济发展的角度出发,以追求最大的经济利益为目标。而生态化管理则坚持可持续发展原则,实现因区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体最大化。本文分析了高科技因区生态化管理的必要性,结合北京中关村的生态化管理对策和上海张江高科技因区的生态化管理方案,探讨如何在国内推进高科技因区的生态化管理的措施。     

Use of decision analysis interviews to support the sustainable use of the forests in Finnish Upper Lapland

Controversy between alternative uses of forests in Finnish Upper Lapland has been going on for decades, and in recent years it has been escalated to a serious conflict. The core of the conflict is the adverse impacts of forestry on old forests which are important grazing areas for reindeer and which are regarded as intact nature and wilderness areas. This paper describes the experiences of applying multi-criteria decision analysis interview approach on this conflict. The approach provides tools for structuring the problem and preferences of the stakeholders as well as for analyzing the effects of different alternatives in a common framework. We focus on the practical experiences gained from the application of this approach in this context. Multi-criteria decision analysis was found to be a useful approach to evaluate the economic, ecological and cultural aspects of this intense conflict. The obtained experiences also support the view that the approach works best when tightly integrated into the planning process.     

从“斯德哥尔摩“到“约翰内斯堡“

本文回顾了从1972年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议到2002年约翰内斯堡联合国可持续发展首脑会议(WSSD)的历程,提出了解决环境与发展问题以及实施可持续发展战略过程中值得认真思考的问题。