基于Himawari-8卫星的中国东北秸秆焚烧监测及其对空气质量的影响研究

利用Himawari-8卫星的AHI成像仪于2016年3月下旬对中国东北进行秸秆焚烧火点监测,结合气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与地面空气质量数据分析了秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响。结果显示,研究期间共监测到秸秆焚烧火点425次。齐齐哈尔市、哈尔滨市、呼伦贝尔市、黑河市、绥化市和大庆市火点数较多,分别为116、75、52、50、41、20次。火点数早晚少、中午多。秸秆焚烧对空气质量有很大影响,火点及其下风向的空气质量指数(AQI)和AOD往往较高。秸秆焚烧产生的主要空气污染物是CO和PM10,但它们的峰值滞后于秸秆焚烧的时间。     

湖北考核秸秆禁烧见成效

正湖北省环境保护厅近日通报2015年秸秆禁烧工作情况及2016年相关工作安排。据统计,2015年夏季,湖北省疑似秸秆焚烧火点数较往年同期相比减少82.28%。据湖北省环境保护厅环境监察总队队长蒋茂芳介绍,2015年夏季秸秆禁烧工作效果明显,但秋季出现了反弹。2015年9月,湖北省环境保护厅对火点较多且禁烧不力的荆门、孝感和仙桃三地人民政府相关负责人进行了约谈。据不完全统计,去年全省累计巡查160万余人(次)。     

秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨空气质量的影响研究

对2015—2016年哈尔滨重污染天气的分布特征与规律进行分析,依据黑龙江省近10年主要作物秸秆产量、草谷比、焚烧比例和排放因子估算秸秆焚烧对PM2.5贡献量,并结合后向轨迹模型从气象要素、火点分布等方面分析哈尔滨重污染天气的成因。结果表明,哈尔滨2015—2016年重污染天数49d,重污染率6.7%,优良天数515d,优良率70.5%,秋冬重污染天数占重污染总天数的79.6%;2006—2015年黑龙江省秸秆露天焚烧总量18 944.49万t,PM2.5排放总量163.00万t,其中玉米、稻谷、豆类PM2.5排放量最高,分别占PM2.5总排放量的60.73%、23.13%、9.09%;10—11月为秸秆焚烧期,该时段风速小湿度低,稳定的气象条件不利于污染物扩散和颗粒物沉降,是造成污染物累积从而导致重污染天气的重要原因;当地及周边农业种植区秸秆焚烧是造成哈尔滨2015年、2016年10—11月重污染天气的主要原因,且秸秆焚烧对城市空气质量的影响具有数天的滞后现象。     

焚烧秸秆对城市空气质量的影响及对策

通过夏收季节农民焚烧秸秆的烟尘，引起对城市环境空气质量变化的分析，结果表明：焚烧秸秆对城市环境空气质量有很大影响，使环境空气质量明显下降，而主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物PM10。有关部门应采取有效措施，禁止焚烧秸秆，同时应积极为农民寻找合理利用秸秆的途径，减少对城市空气的烟尘污染。     

农村秸秆综合利用对策

阐述了秸秆综合利用途径，对秸秆焚烧原因进行了分析，提出了解决的对策和措施。     

基于卫星遥感的冬小麦秸秆焚烧污染排放测算

基于MODIS卫星250m分辨率的16d合成归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,提出了一种冬小麦种植区遥感快速提取方法,并建立了基于解译的冬小麦种植区麦秸焚烧大气污染排放的测算方案。以中国第一大冬小麦生产省份河南为例,提取了2010年冬小麦种植面积及其空间分布,测算了秸秆焚烧主要大气污染物排放量。研究显示,河南省2010年冬小麦种植面积提取结果与统计年鉴数据吻合度较高,两者市、县尺度的种植面积相关系数在0.9以上、平均偏差均在13%以内,且在不同地貌类型上均有良好的反演效果。2010年250m分辨率下河南省冬小麦种植区秸秆焚烧单位栅格污染物年排放量为:PM2.5154.1kg、NOX9.9kg、NH35.1kg、CH410.7kg、挥发性有机化合物(VOC)62.0kg、CO 363.4kg、SO21.6kg。说明该提取方法具有数据易获取、过程简便的特点,结果客观、可靠,能为秸秆焚烧监管工作以及其他区域的相关研究提供参考应用和技术支持。     

秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用探讨

焚烧秸秆害人害已,综合利用利国利民。文中通过分析在实施秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用工作中存在的问题,提出了应对的举措。     

长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧的大气污染物排放清单及不确定性分析

根据2012年长株潭区域生物质产量及露天焚烧数据,结合排放因子,估算了长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧所排放的大气污染物量,建立了2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧源SO_2、NO_X、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、CO、元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)排放量分别为783.48、4 248.00、10 325.94、10 117.29、6 882.92、76 002.99、816.09、3 478.28t。秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量在7、10月形成2个峰值,森林火灾集中出现在夏、秋季。生物质开放燃烧污染物排放量最大的县区为长沙市宁乡县,其次为湘潭市湘潭县和长沙市浏阳县。在长株潭中心区域(长沙市开福区、湘潭市岳塘区、株洲市石峰区、荷塘区和芦淞区等城市区域)形成一片污染物排放量较小的区域。采用蒙特卡罗法,计算得到区域秸秆露天焚烧源和森林火灾大气污染物排放量95%置信区间的不确定性分别为-84%~168%、-83%~176%。通过定量模拟得到秸秆露天焚烧PM2.5排放量概率密度函数呈对数正态分布。以PM2.5为代表污染物,对其排放量的不确定性贡献率最大的是露天焚烧比例,燃烧效率、水稻产量、水稻草谷比等也是不确定性的重要来源。     

流化床飞灰固化焚烧飞灰效果及微观分析

以深圳某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为例分析了焚烧飞灰的性质和重金属毒性.结果表明,飞灰中 Pb 和 Cr 超出TCLP 阈值,必须进行稳定化处理.以流化床飞灰为主要成分配制固化材料,按不同比例掺人焚烧l￡灰进行固化实验,结果表明,实验范围内重金属固定效果良好.微观测试显示,固化过程主要产物有水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石等,通过物理包胶、物理吸附、复分解沉淀反应和同晶替代等作用抑制重金属浸出.     

基于BP神经网络的垃圾焚烧过程故障诊断

应用BP神经网络方法,建立了垃圾焚烧过程故障诊断的模型.该方法采用梯度下降法训练网络权值,利用最优停止法对网络进行了优化,避免了过拟合现象.提高了BP神经网络的训练速度和泛化能力.并以实际焚烧过程工况数据进行性能检验,检验结果表明了该BP网络具有较高的诊断精度.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。