环境税明年出台几无悬念

正近日从接近财政部人士处获悉,环境税改革的时间表渐已明晰,明年环境税极有可能完成立法并出台。环境税征收采用从量计征方式,计税依据为应税污染物排放量。税率不低于现行排污费的收费标准。税收征管有望采取环保部门配合税务机关征收的模式,即环保认定、税务征收的征管模式。"十二五"规划纲要明确提出:"选择防止任务繁重、技术标准成熟的税目开征环境保护税,逐步扩大征收范围。"财政部财科所副所长苏明告诉《经济参考报》记者:"明年是‘十二五’最后一年,我认为明年中央的决策应该到位,明年环境税应该出台。据我了解的情况,一年前三部门已经把方案报给国务院,现在正在立法,立法过程中有很多难点需要突破,但是坦率讲,我比较有信心,明年环境税变成法律出台的可能性都是有的。"苏明表示,我们现在对水污染排放、垃圾等通过收费的手段进行治理,环境税开征主要就是要进行"费改税"。苏明     

盖娅假说

在古希腊神话中,盖娅是大地化身,自混沌中出生,生下天神,再与天神交合,生下海神。地、天、海就是这样来的。话说上世纪60年代初,美国举全国之力,与前苏联进行太空竞赛,除了登月,还探测太阳系其他星球。火星是太阳系中环境与地球最相似的行星,一直受世人瞩目。美国航空航天局(NASA)计划发射海盗号探测器,前往火星,侦测生命。     

黄铁矿还原固定水中的高铼酸根

以铼作为放射性锝的替代元素,用黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定进行了研究。采用球磨法制备出黄铁矿粉末。分别研究了不同固液比、不同的初始p H值和不同粒径条件下,黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定效果。结果显示,固液比为1∶10(g/m L)为宜,在体系初始p H为12时,形成铁氧体,吸附高铼酸根,提升还原固定效果。对产物进行XPS表征,证明还原产物为Re O2。在乙醇介质中机械活化后利用超声分散可得到具有大的比表面积和晶格畸变的粒径较小的黄铁矿粉末,使其反应的活性位点增多,处理效果明显好于大粒径的黄铁矿粉末,在相对较短的时间内,铼的去除率可以达42%。在缺氧环境下黄铁矿能够长期保持有效性,在地质处置库应用中有实际意义。     

日本已研制出给建筑物加固的抗震“绷带”

据《科技日报》报道,在地震频发的日本,一种新型廉价的防震加固技术悄然兴起。这种技术采用树指材料作为抗震绷带,包裹建筑物支柱,从而达到在地震时防止支柱发生倒塌的目的。抗震绷带采用树指纤维制造,形状类似安全带。施工时,将抗震绷带涂上黏合剂,包裹固定在建筑物的支柱上,当地震发生时,支柱即使出现内部损伤也不会倒塌,这样可以确保建筑物内人员的生存空间。     

全球臭氧以及南北极臭氧已经停止损耗

正据国外媒体报道,世界气象组织的专家莱恩·巴里认为:"全球臭氧以及南北极臭氧已经停止损耗,不过尚未递增。"在此之前,不断有研究组织和科学家发表报告,对大气臭氧层未来的变化给出种种预测。多数科学家认为,大气臭氧层损耗速度已经减缓,南极上空的臭氧洞有望在2050年前后消失。不过,也有研究认为南极上空臭氧洞的消失将是2068年以后的事。人们对大气臭氧层损耗的高度关注是完全应该的。因为大气中臭氧的损耗直接危及人类的生存。虽然人类做了很多措施,但是努力还远远不够,近年来的观测资料显示,就臭氧洞的面积、深度及延续时间等指     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了p H值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

天然沸石去除腐殖酸和氨氮的研究

采用改性的浙江缙云天然斜发沸石,进行去除氨氮和腐殖酸的研究。腐殖酸对氨氮的去除有影响,含量越高。影响也越大。沸石主要去除大分子量的腐殖酸,对小分子量的腐殖酸去除效果较差。由于大分子腐殖酸会干扰氨氮的去除,去除大分子的腐殖酸有助于提高沸石去除氨氮的效果。     

没有水的国家

中东的科威特国内大部分地区是沙漠,国土上没有河流和湖泊,连人们饮用的水都很难解决,因此农业不发达,粮食、蔬菜也全靠进口。科威特以生产石油闻名于世,这也纯属偶然。自古以来,科威特人民渴望找到饮用水,上个世纪50年代,该国到处钻井找水,结果饮用水没有找到,却找到了蕴藏在地下的十分丰富的石油。当时人们并不把石油当一回事,但正是石油帮了     

改性疏水硅胶用于油气吸附解吸的研究

吸附法为油气回收的常用方法,对吸附剂的研究有着重要的意义。为了开发出高吸附量、高热稳定性和疏水性的油气回收专用硅胶,对常规硅胶的物理及化学改性方法进行了研究。通过分析热处理温度、热处理时间及升温速度等因素对改性硅胶吸附效果的影响,提出了汽油油气吸附率高、吸水率低的硅胶改性条件为:酒石酸改性剂,热处理温度550~650℃,热处理时间3~10 h,升温速度3~10℃/min。同时,研究了影响改性硅胶解吸效果的因素,结果表明,真空度越高,温度越高,解吸次数越多,改性硅胶的解吸率越高。     

石油加工企业脱硝、除尘工程经济性及超低排放潜力分析

基于多家石油加工企业大气污染控制工程案例,利用层次分析模型对脱硝、除尘工程的经济性进行了评估,并对未来不同情景下的工程技术成本、效益进行了比较分析。结果表明,在基准情景下,采用不同控制技术的石油加工企业经济性评价综合值差别较大。现有控制技术单一的企业,由于投资成本高或环境效益较低导致经济性下降;采用多种技术控制污染物排放的企业,绝对的投资费用较高,但可带来良好的环境效益,因而经济性更高。与基准情景相比,在超低排放情景下,系统总成本显著增加,系统总效益显著提升,但是总效益的增幅与总成本的增幅相差不大。通过研究发现,石油加工企业推行超低排放,经济性较高,技术上也可行。上述研究结果可为石油加工企业推行超低排放提供参考。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.