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1.
Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 106, an irrigation area of 375.521 km2, a livestock of 0.7732 × 106, and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 109 (i.e. about US$28.285× 109) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system. 相似文献
2.
Yafang Shi Yunchao Dai Ziwen Liu Xiaofeng Nie Song Zhao Chi Zhang Hanzhong Jia 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(6):106
3.
Ying Cai Jun Wu Jian Lu Jianhua Wang Cui Zhang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(7):96
4.
Siyu Chen Lee Blaney Ping Chen Shanshan Deng Mamatha Hopanna Yixiang Bao Gang Yu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(4):59
5.
Chi Zhang Wenhui Kuang Jianguo Wu Jiyuan Liu Hanqin Tian 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(2):29
6.
Elena D. Concepción 《Conservation biology》2021,35(4):1063-1072
Urban growth is a major threat to biodiversity conservation at the global scale. Its impacts are expected to be especially detrimental when it sprawls into the landscape and reaches sites of high conservation value due to the species and ecosystems they host, such as protected areas. I analyzed the degree of urbanization (i.e., urban cover and growth rate) from 2006 to 2015 in protected sites in the Natura 2000 network, which, according to the Habitats and Birds Directives, harbor species and habitats of high conservation concern in Europe. I used data on the degree of land imperviousness from COPERNICUS to calculate and compare urban covers and growth rates inside and outside Natura 2000. I also analyzed the relationships of urban cover and growth rates with a set of characteristics of Natura sites. Urban cover inside Natura 2000 was 10 times lower than outside (0.4% vs. 4%) throughout the European Union. However, the rates of urban growth were slightly higher inside than outside Natura 2000 (4.8% vs. 3.9%), which indicates an incipient urban sprawl inside the network. In general, Natura sites affected most by urbanization were those surrounded by densely populated areas (i.e., urban clusters) that had a low number of species or habitats of conservation concern, albeit some member states had high urban cover or growth rate or both in protected sites with a large number of species or habitats of high conservation value. Small Natura sites had more urban cover than large sites, but urban growth rates were highest in large Natura sites. Natura 2000 is protected against urbanization to some extent, but there is room for improvement. Member states must enact stricter legal protection and control law enforcement to halt urban sprawl into protected areas under the greatest pressure from urban sprawl (i.e., close to urban clusters). Such actions are particularly needed in Natura sites with high urban cover and growth rates and areas where urbanization is affecting small Natura sites of high conservation value, which are especially vulnerable and concentrated in the Mediterranean region. 相似文献
7.
太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N2O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N2O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N2O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH4排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH4排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。 相似文献
8.
Kang XIAO Ying XU Shuai LIANG Ting LEI Jianyu SUN Xianghua WEN Hongxun ZHANG Chunsheng CHEN Xia HUANG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2014,8(6):805-819
China has been the forerunner of large-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) application. Since the first large-scale MBR (≥ 10 000 m^3·d^-1) was put into operation in 2006, the engineering implementation of MBR in China has attained tremendous development. This paper outlines the commercial application of MBR since 2006 and provides a variety of engineering statistical data, covering the fields of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. The total treatment capacity of MBRs reached 1× 10^6 m^3·d^-1 in 2010, and has currently exceeded 4.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 with -75% of which pertaining to municipal wastewater treatment. The anaerobic/anoxic/aerobie-MBR and its derivative processes have been the most popular in the large-scale municipal application, with the process features and typical ranges of parameters also presented in this paper. For the treatment of various types of industrial wastewater, the configurations of the MBR-based processes are delineated with representative engineering cases. In view of the significance of the cost issue, statistics of capital and operating costs are also provided, including cost structure and energy composition. With continuous stimulation from the environmental stress, political propulsion, and market demand in China, the total treatment capacity is expected to reach 7.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 by 2015 and a further expansion of the market is foreseeable in the next five years. However, MBR application is facing several challenges, such as the relatively high energy consumption. Judging MBR features and seeking suitable application areas should be of importance for the long-term development of this technology. 相似文献
9.
Urban sprawl and its evolution over relatively short periods of time demands that we develop statistical tools to make best use of the routinely produced land use data from satellites. An efficient smoothing framework to estimate spatial patterns in binary raster maps derived from land use datasets is developed and presented in this paper. The framework is motivated by the need to model urbanization, specifically urban sprawl, and also its temporal evolution. We frame the problem as estimation of a probability of urbanization surface and use Bayesian P-splines as the tool of choice. Once such a probability map is produced, with associated uncertainty, we develop exploratory tools to identify regions of significant change across space and time. The proposal is used to study urbanisation and its development around the city of Bologna, Emilia Romagna, Italy, using land use data from the Cartography Archive of Emilia Romagna Region for the period 1976–2008. 相似文献
10.
Rural and Suburban Sprawl in the U.S. Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and Its Relation to Forest Fragmentation 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Abstract: Housing growth and its environmental effects pose major conservation challenges. We sought to (1) quantify spatial and temporal patterns of housing growth across the U.S. Midwest from 1940–2000, (2) identify ecoregions strongly affected by housing growth, (3) assess the extent to which forests occur near housing, and (4) relate housing to forest fragmentation. We used data from the 2000 U.S. Census to derive fine-scale backcasts of decadal housing density. Housing data were integrated with a 30-m resolution U.S. Geological Survey land cover classification. The number of housing units in the Midwest grew by 146% between 1940 and 2000. Spatially, housing growth was particularly strong at the fringe of metropolitan areas (suburban sprawl) and in nonmetropolitan areas (rural sprawl) that are rich in natural amenities such as lakes and forests. The medium-density housing (4–32 housing units/km2 ) category increased most in area. Temporally, suburban housing growth was especially high in the post-World War II decades. Rural sprawl was highest in the 1970s and 1990s. The majority of midwestern forests either contained or were near housing. Only 14.8% of the region's forests were in partial block groups with no housing. Housing density was negatively correlated with the amount of interior forest. The widespread and pervasive nature of sprawl shown by our data is cause for conservation concern. Suburban sprawl has major environmental impacts on comparatively small areas because of the high number of housing units involved. In contrast, rural sprawl affects larger areas but with less intensity because associated housing densities are lower. The environmental effects per house, however, are likely higher in the case of rural sprawl because it occurs in less-altered areas. Conservation efforts will need to address both types of sprawl to be successful. 相似文献
11.
采用二因素裂区设计,设置8个处理,研究有机富硒肥施硒量与施硒方式对强筋小麦生长、产量、硒在小麦不同器官中富集状况以及籽粒营养品质的影响.结果显示:与不施有机富硒肥比较,播种前土施有机富硒肥使强筋小麦总生物量、籽粒产量、各器官(根、茎+叶、颖壳+穗轴、籽粒)干物质量分别提高1.0%-14.7%、2.4%-42.4%、1.9%-21.9%、1.5%%-10.6%、1.8%-19.5%和1.3%-18.2%,且在同一土施处理下,叶面喷施硒肥对小麦总生物量、籽粒产量和各器官干物质量无显著影响.不论采用土施、叶面喷施或土施+叶面喷施,小麦地上部硒含量占植株总硒含量的比例最大,而对于根部硒含量占植株总硒含量的比例则表现为土施>土施+叶面喷硒>喷施.此外,施有机富硒肥明显改善了强筋小麦籽粒蛋白质、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性糖和蔗糖等营养品质含量(P <0.05),提高幅度分别为0.2%-0.4%、2.9%-10.1%、1.6%-5.1%、1.3%-5.0%、2.1%-7.0%和1.2%-3.5%,且硒肥用量相同的条件下,营养品质含量均表现为土施+叶面喷硒处理高于单一土施硒肥处理,以S30+F(土壤基施30 g/hm2+叶面喷施15 g/hm2)处理达到最高值.因此,综合考虑产量、籽粒硒积累量以及品质等因素,实际生产中建议选用施肥量45 g/hm2(土壤基施30 g/hm2+叶面喷施15g/hm2)较为合适;土施+叶面喷施有机富硒肥可促进强筋小麦生长,提高籽粒产量、硒积累量以及营养品质;结果可为有机富硒肥调控下小麦富硒栽培提供理论参考.(图2表6参46) 相似文献
12.
Caihong Xu Jianmin Chen Zhikai Wang Hui Chen Hao Feng Lujun Wang Yuning Xie Zhenzhen Wang Xingnan Ye Haidong Kan Zhuohui Zhao Abdelwahid Mellouki 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(3):37
13.
Ning Zhang Xiang Liu Rui Liu Tao Zhang Miao Li Zhuoran Zhang Zitao Qu Ziting Yuan Hechun Yu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(1):8
14.
Noshan Bhattarai Shuxiao Wang Yuepeng Pan Qingcheng Xu Yanlin Zhang Yunhua Chang Yunting Fang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(6):126
15.
Jantanee Jamsangtong Preeda Parkpian R. D. Delaune Aroon Jugsujinda 《Chemistry and Ecology》2004,20(4):241-256
Adsorption and desorption of 137Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha-1) on 137Cs adsorption-desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of 137Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26-99.97%) of added 137Cs (3.7 × 103-7.03 × 105 Bq l-1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of 137Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher Kads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of 137Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high 137Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ had little influence on 137Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between Kads and soil pH was observed. The 137Cs adsorption-desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09-0.58%) of 137Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial 137Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high 137Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the 137Cs bioavailability. 相似文献
16.
This paper addresses two important issues for large Mediterranean city regions: the differential impact of compact urban ‘growth’ and low-density ‘sprawl’ on land cover changes (LCCs), and their final effect on changing land cover relationships (LCRs). The urban expansion of Rome (Italy) during the last 50 years and the related LCCs were investigated as a paradigmatic example of compact versus dispersed urban development. LCCs were assessed over 5 years (1960, 1974, 1990, 2000, 2006) by analysing diachronically the distribution of 12 land cover categories derived from digital land cover maps covering the entire Nuts-3 prefecture of Rome (5353 km2). LCRs were studied using multi-way data analysis. LCCs were found to have relative differences during ‘growth’ (1960–1990) and ‘sprawl’ (1990–2006) phases. Conversion to urban land uses concentrated in the 1960s and 1970s at the urban fringe, while expanding progressively far from the city in the 1990s and 2000s. During the ‘growth’ phase, the land cover classes with the highest probability of being converted to urban uses were arable lands, annual crops, vineyards and pastures. During the ‘sprawl’ phase, olive groves, orchards and forest surfaces also decreased due to the development of low-density built-up areas and infrastructure. Planning suggestions aimed at mitigating the alteration of the rural landscape through sprawl conditions are discussed. 相似文献
17.
基于MODIS时序数据北回归线(云南段)地区植被物候时空变化及其对气候响应分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植被物候作为自然界规律性、周期性事件,对开展全球气候变化、植被长势观测等研究具有重要价值。以北回归线(云南段)穿过的县域为研究区,基于长时间序列MODIS EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI)、土地利用类型和气候因子数据,采用S-G滤波、动态阈值、相关分析等方法分析19 a(2001—2019年)间植被物候的时空分布特征及其对水热因子的响应。结果表明,(1)海拔和地势起伏在物候地域分异中作用显著,植被物候存在明显的垂直地带性分布特征。山地与河谷、坝子、低海拔区的物候值差异较大,山地地区的植被生长季开始期(Start of Season,SOS)在192—240 d,生长季结束期(End of Season,EOS)在次年144—192 d,生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)为272—304 d;河谷、坝子、东部低海拔地区的植被SOS在80—112 d,EOS在337至次年17 d,LOS在224—256 d。(2)19 a间植被物候年际变化总体特征为SOS显著提前(R2=0.51,P=0.001<0.05),平均提前1.14 d·(10 a)?1;EOS推迟(R2=0.01,P=0.756>0.05),平均推迟0.07 d·(10 a)?1;LOS显著延长(R2=0.47,P=0.001<0.05),平均延长1.07 d·(10 a)?1。(3)不同植被类型的物候期及其变化趋势不同,研究区森林植被生长期最长,草地次之,耕地最短;19 a间SOS、EOS、LOS变化最大的分别是常绿阔叶林(?1.68 d·(10 a)?1)、耕地(1.25 d·(10 a)?1)、木本热带稀树草原(1.28 d·(10 a)?1)。(4)水热组合对植被生长影响显著,河谷、坝子、东部低海拔地区的植被SOS、EOS分别主要受2月降水(负相关)和4月气温(正相关)、9月降水和气温(正相关)影响,山地地区植被SOS、EOS分别主要受6月降水(正相关)和5月气温(正相关)、5月降水(正相关)和4月气温(正相关)影响。 相似文献
18.
为明确减量施氮对苦荞强弱势粒及产量形成的影响,以苦荞品种晋荞2号为试验材料,研究在225 kg/hm2(N1)、135 kg/hm2(N2)、45 kg/hm2(N3)、0 kg/hm2(N4,对照)4个氮肥处理下苦荞强弱势粒的灌浆动态、根系形态生理、叶片中叶绿素含量及氮代谢相关酶活性、农艺性状和产量的差异.结果显示:减氮处理下,N2处理时晋荞2号籽粒的灌浆起始势(R0)、最大灌浆速率(Gmax)和平均灌浆速率(Gmean)最大,达最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax.G)最小;强弱势粒间以强势粒的A值(生长终值量)、R0、Gmax和Gmean大于弱势粒,而N值(形状参数)和Tmax.G则低于弱势粒. 4个氮肥处理和强弱势粒均以灌浆中期对粒重的贡献率最大,灌浆后期次之,灌浆前期最小.随着施氮量的减少,晋荞2号的根系长度等形态指标及根系活力呈先增加后降低的趋势,以N2处理最大;随着施氮量的减少,晋荞2号叶片中的叶绿素含量及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,N2处理最大,强弱势粒间以强势粒的叶绿素含量较高、氮代谢酶活性较大. N2处理时的株高等农艺性状及产量形成指标均大于其余3个氮肥处理.本研究表明适当减量施氮可延缓苦荞衰老、促进苦荞强弱势粒的灌浆和氮代谢酶活性的增加,提高粒重和最终产量,进而实现节肥和高产.(表7参31) 相似文献
19.
The concentration of 210Po, an alpha emitter from the natural uranium series was measured in the soft tissues (total), shell, and different organs - digestive glands, gills, mantle and foot - of the freshwater mussel, Parreysia favidens (Benson), collected from the river Kaveri, at Tiruchirapalli in South India. the analyses were made in three size groups based on shell length (Group 1: 2-4 cm; Group 2: 4-5 cm; Group 3: 5-6 cm). the soft tissues of the mussel accumulated higher concentrations of 210Po (74.0-125.5 Bq kg-1 fresh) than the shell (2.9-3.9 Bq kg-1 fresh). Further, younger mussels (1 group) showed higher concentrations (125.5+2.0 Bq kg-1 fresh) in total soft tissues than older ones (III Group) (74.0+1.6 Bq kg-1 fresh); concentration factors were 1.59x 105 in I group and 9.37 × 104 in III group. the 210Po was observed to be non-uniformly distributed among the internal organs, which maintained the following descending order with reference to 210Po accumulation: digestive glands, ranging from 286.2+3.5 Bq kg-1 fresh to 43+1.3 Bq kg-1 fresh. the concentration of 210Po in the mussels was distinctly higher than that in the grass, Echinochloa colonum (J. Koenig), and carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosa (Bloch), from the same river. These data indicate that younger mussels could be used as an excellent biological indicator of 210Po and among soft tissues, digestive glands are preferable to other tissues to monitor the distribution of 210Po in the riverine system. 相似文献
20.
Madhavaraj Lavanya Ho-Dong Lim Kong-Min Kim Dae-Hyuk Kim Balasubramani Ravindran Gui Hwan Han 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(3):53