3种短链脂肪酸对活性污泥储存PHA的影响

采用经乙酸钠驯化培养具有一定聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)储存能力的活性污泥,考察乙酸、丙酸和丁酸3种短链脂肪酸,以及乙酸、丁酸分别与丙酸按1∶1、1∶2、2∶1比例组合成的6种混合酸作为碳源时对活性污泥中PHA的储存和转化的影响。实验结果表明,在3种短链脂肪酸中,以丁酸为碳源得到活性污泥PHA储存量最高,为40.53 mg/g;在混合酸中,乙酸与丙酸按1∶2组合时,系统PHA储存量最高,为773.4 mg/g。混合酸相对于单一的脂肪酸碳源更有利于活性污泥储存PHA。在混合酸总量一定的条件下,随着丙酸比例的增加,乙酸与丙酸混合比丁酸与丙酸混合更有利于微生物的PHA储存。     

羟肟酸类捕收剂2-羟基-3-萘甲羟肟酸的生物降解研究

生物法是处理难降解有机物的一种重要方法,通过投加活性污泥,采用振荡培养法,研究了以2-羟基-3-萘甲羟肟酸(H205)为唯一碳源的单基质条件、外加碳源和氮源的共基质条件下H205的生物降解过程.结果表明:(1)单基质条件下,不同初始质量浓度(10～50 mg/L)H205的生物降解符合一级动力学模型方程.(2)共基质条...     

基于不同共代谢碳源降解4-氯苯酚的研究

鉴于氯酚废水在环境中的广泛存在及其显著的难生物降解性,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理4-氯苯酚(4-CP)废水,探讨不同共代谢碳源降解4-CP对污染物去除和活性污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响。结果表明:分别以可溶性淀粉(DS)和乙酸钠(SA)为共代谢碳源时,4-CP可被有效降解去除;当两个SBR处于稳定运行阶段时,其进水COD、氨氮、磷酸盐和4-CP均具有良好的去除效果,去除率可达到85%以上,且在单个SBR运行周期中的去除趋势一致;两个SBR的活性污泥EPS中多糖和蛋白质无显著差异,以SA为共代谢碳源降解4-CP的活性污泥更易分泌胞外蛋白质。     

活性污泥缺氧转化1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸

1—2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3—6-萘二磺酸（TAHNDS）作为偶氮染料的脱色产物很难被常规的厌氧-好氧染料废水处理工艺所去除。研究了未经驯化的活性污泥对TAHNDS的缺氧转化效果。结果表明，只有在特定的缺氧条件下（ORP在-50～-150mV之间），TAHNDS才能被活性污泥所降解转化。当浓度在10—80mg／L范围内，TAHNDS可在72h内转化93％以上。加入100mg／L的硝酸盐和0．64mmol／L的氧化还原介体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）可将40mg／L的TAHNDS的转化时间从84h缩短到36h。光谱及HPLC—MS分析表明，TAHNDS在缺氧条件下主要是通过脱氨基和脱磺酸作用生成已知可好氧生物降解的3，5-二氨基4-羟基萘-2-磺酸。因此，缺氧处理有望作为预处理工艺促进废水中TAHNDS的完全降解。     

活性污泥缺氧转化1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸简

1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸（TAHNDS）作为偶氮染料的脱色产物很难被常规的厌氧-好氧染料废水处理工艺所去除。研究了未经驯化的活性污泥对TAHNDS的缺氧转化效果。结果表明，只有在特定的缺氧条件下（ORP在-50~-150 mV之间），TAHNDS才能被活性污泥所降解转化。当浓度在10~80 mg/L范围内，TAHNDS可在72 h内转化93%以上。加入100 mg/L的硝酸盐和0.64 mmol/L的氧化还原介体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）可将40 mg/L的TAHNDS的转化时间从84 h缩短到36 h。光谱及HPLC-MS分析表明，TAHNDS在缺氧条件下主要是通过脱氨基和脱磺酸作用生成已知可好氧生物降解的3，5-二氨基-4-羟基萘-2-磺酸。因此，缺氧处理有望作为预处理工艺促进废水中TAHNDS的完全降解。     

批量反应器中碱法生物脱硫运行参数的优化

针对碱法生物脱硫过程中硫化物氧化产物难以控制的问题,在1个批量反应器中,依次研究了碱法生物脱硫效果受硫化物浓度、盐度、ORP、DO、温度等参数的影响。结果表明:反应器内脱硫过程从硫化物浓度为500 mg·L~(-1)开始,脱硫反应可分为迅速下降、停滞和低速下降3个过程;在迅速下降过程中,53 min内,硫化物浓度迅速降至约320 mg·L~(-1),pH从7.0上升至8.6;停滞过程中,硫化物浓度在320～280 mg·L~(-1)停留了约80 min,pH缓慢降低;在低速下降过程中,硫化物浓度以较低速度均匀地下降至10 mg·L~(-1)以下,硫化物去除率低,pH降至7.0以下。在迅速下降过程中,脱硫效率最大,主要氧化产物为单质S, ORP值在-400 mV保持不变。在盐度不高于3.5%、温度为30℃、DO浓度为2 mg·L~(-1)时,ORP值为-400 mV,可控制脱硫反应一直保持在迅速下降过程中,可以实现高效脱硫。     

不同比例乙酸和丙酸对活性污泥微生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的影响

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)是一种生物可降解塑料,利用活性污泥合成PHA具有节约成本、操作方便的优点。研究选择污泥发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)中比重相对较高的乙酸和丙酸作为碳源自配营养液,深入研究不同质量浓度比对PHA合成的影响。结果表明,乙酸为主要碳源时更有利于PHA的合成,最大合成量12.3%出现在乙酸作为唯一碳源的条件下。此外,PHA合成量随着底物中有机酸比重的增加而增加,充分展现了利用挥发性脂肪酸大量合成PHA的良好前景。     

进水碳氮磷比对反硝化除磷效果及碳源转化利用影响

厌氧/缺氧序批式活性污泥反应器中,以乙酸钠为单一碳源培养反硝化聚磷菌,考察了碳氮磷比对反硝化除磷效果及碳源转化利用的影响。结果表明:(1)进水有机碳源的浓度直接影响厌氧段磷的释放。进水碳氮磷质量比为20∶6∶1时,系统反硝化除磷效果最佳,去除氮磷所需的耗氧有机物最少,磷酸盐和总氮去除率分别达到98.1%和98.8%。(2)胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的积累和消耗与COD的降解、糖原质的合成有良好的相关性。进水COD越高,厌氧段PHB的储存量越大,合成1.0mg/g的PHB约需要降解5mg/L的COD。缺氧段PHB为反硝化除磷提供能量并再合成糖原质,生成0.63mol的糖原约需要消耗1mol的PHB。     

活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯代谢机制研究进展

聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)是生物制备型环境友好塑料,具有广阔的应用前景.活性污泥合成PHAs可降低生产成本,实现废水处理厂剩余污泥的减量化和资源化.研究微生物合成PHAs的代谢机制,有利于优化PHAs的工业化生产,目前其代谢研究多集中在以纯菌种合成PHAs,而以活性污泥合成PHAs的研究尚不成熟.资料表明,DO变化对活性污泥合成PHAs的代谢途径有显著影响,进而改变其PHAs产物的产量和单体组成.综述了活性污泥合成PHAs在厌氧/好氧工艺、微氧/好氧工艺、缺氧/好氧工艺、好氧动态底物投加工艺条件下的代谢机制,分析了现有PHAs合成代谢模型中存在的问题,展望了PHAs合成代谢机制研究的发展方向.     

高PHAs合成性能菌株的筛选及其条件优化

通过尼罗蓝荧光筛选,从活性污泥体系中筛得Ace-6、But-1和But-17。经DNA分子鉴定,Ace-6缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta),But-1约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter Johnsonii),But-17蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。采用摇瓶平行发酵实验,确定了各自的最佳碳源和氮源,并通过多因素正交实验对其进行合成条件优化。结果表明,Ace-6菌株合成条件为温度30℃、乙酸钠30 g·L~(-1)、酵母粉0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.0、接种量5%,PHAs的总量可达412.02 mg·L~(-1);But-1菌株的合成条件为温度35℃、乙酸钠20 g·L~(-1)、硫酸铵0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.5、接种量8%,PHAs的合成量可达392.39 mg·L~(-1);But-17菌株合成条件为温度35℃、淀粉20 g·L~(-1)、氯化铵0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.5、接种量5%,PHAs可达304.70 mg·L~(-1)。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.