杭州城区蔬菜地农药残留现状与评价

采用加速溶剂萃取,气相色谱-质谱法测定了杭州市城区蔬菜地中农药残留量,并进行了评价。结果表明：杭州市城区蔬菜地中有机氯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量为ND～0.19mg·kg^-1、ND～0.238mg·kg^-1、ND～0.013mg·kg^-1,检出率为52.4%、33.3%和28.6%。其中有机氯类农药达到国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）二级以上,符合无公害蔬菜产地环境要求;根据加拿大残留限量标准评价有机磷类农药,超标率为14.3%;拟除虫菊酯类农药对土壤造成的污染不论是残留量还是检出率都小于前2类农药。     

不同土类稻田环境中农药残留规律的研究

“六六六”往年是我省防治水稻虫害的主要农药品种,长期以来被农民普遍应用,由于“六六六”化学性质稳定,易造成环境污染,近年来,国内虽对有机氯农药在多种作物上残留、代谢已做了大量的研究,可是对土壤环境“六六六”迁移、转化方面的研     

静态条件下持续时间对底泥中有机氯农药释放的影响

有机氯农药是广泛存在于环境中一类有机污染物，溶解度低，疏水性强，容易被颗粒物吸附，并随其在沉积物中积累，蓄积在沉积物中的有机氯农药在沉积物的再悬浮过程中会重新释放进入水体，造成二次污染。为了考察悬浮持续时间对沉积物中有机氟农药的释放的影响，采用沉积物释放模拟装置在60天内对微山湖沉积物中有机氯农药释放进行研究。结果表明，随着扰动时间的延长，上覆水中有机氯农药的含量在0—20天内增长很快，在60天左右含量趋于到稳定。不同的有机氟农药在扰动条件下，释放的速率和浓度是不一样的，其中水溶性大的农药更易向水体再次释放。     

高速捣碎法提取脂肪组织中的残留有机氯农药

分析动物脂肪组织中残留有机氯农药的方法,大体上包括提取、净化、测定这三个步骤。在从脂肪组织中提取残留有机氯农药的这一步骤中,如获得的样品量较多,可加热熔化后,滤去残渣,称取液体样品用有机溶剂进行提取。但在某些特定的场合,例如利用外科手术取来的人体脂肪组织样品,由于量太少,熔炼工作就难以进行。将无水硫酸钠与未经熔炼过的脂肪组织样品混合研磨后,再     

消息

我国将停止生产有机氯农药化工部根据国务院指示,决安从今年四月份起,在全国停止生产有机氯杀虫剂,这是减轻我国环境污染,保障人民身体的一项重大措施。有机氯杀虫剂是四十年代在世界上发展起来的农药品种,由于它具有生产原料易得,合成方法简便,成本低,杀虫范围广等优点,已为世界各国大量生产和使用。但是有机氯杀虫剂化学性质稳定,不易分解,在自然环境中降解很慢,残留期长达十几年。人们施药灭虫时,一般只有10～20％的药剂附着在农作物上,80～90％的药剂流失在土壤、水     

南充农村土壤中有机氯农药残留现状分析

本研究以四川省南充市某农村土壤为研究对象,于2010年和2011年连续两年对土壤中有机氯农药(HCH,DDT)残留情况进行了定点监测。研究结果表明,试区土壤HCHs在2011年基本未检出。两年的DDTs的检出率均为100%。OCPs主要残留物为p,p’-DDE,占残留总量75%以上。不同利用类型土壤中有机氯残留总量排序为:菜地>重点污染场地>基本农田>居民聚集区。所有土壤样品中的HCHs含量均达到国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)一级标准(<0.05mg/kg),DDTs含量均达到二级标准(<0.50mg/kg)。残留污染较轻。     

防疟工人短期喷药后血清中666的残留量

防疟工人在喷洒666的污染空气中作业,经过16周就可发现血清中666的含量无论是与有过或者没有过有机氯农药接触史的人比较,都有显著的增高。过去没有接触史的人,血清中666的浓度比本底值增高5倍,过去有接触史的人,比本底值高3倍。无论过去有没有接触史,经过16周后,所有工人血清中666的浓度,都达到了几乎相同的高浓度。在发展中国家,至今仍继续使用有机氯农药。用它杀灭媒介昆虫,具有效果好,价廉,毒性小的优点。目前争论之点是残留在体内的有机氯农药的危害问题。接触高浓度此类农药的实验动物,能诱发肿瘤并发生慢性毒作用,诸如平均寿命缩短,肝脏受害——即肝的重量增加,脂肪变性和坏死。尽管实验动物体内的这些变化有参考价值,但不能用来代替人体内的变化。因此,我们仍然需要研究在一定的条件下人体接触有机氯农药的反应。本研究就是对有过和没有接触史的人体内666的吸收情况进行估价。     

农作物有机氯农药残留测定中的样品净化方法研究

研究农作物样品中有机氯农药测定的净化方法,比较了浓硫酸净化、凝胶色谱净化和固相萃取柱净化3种不同净化方法的优缺点。结果表明固相萃取柱净化方式的适用范围更广,将其应用于8种农作物（莴笋、黄瓜、蒜苗、辣椒、油菜、茄子、玉米和水稻）有机氯农药测定,23种有机氯农药加标回收率在71%～113%,相对标准偏差3%～16%（n=5）。     

成都市人乳中有机氯农药蓄积水平调查研究

有机氯农药666,DDT以其高效、低毒、杀虫谱广,成本低,使用方便等特点,从本世纪40年代始即广泛使用于农业生产及日常生活方面,到60年代末已成为世界上产量最高,用量最大的农药。但这类农药性质十分稳定,不易分解,在环境     

重庆市农业环境质量安全现状与防治对策

对重庆市农业环境质量安全现状进行了研究分析，提出了充分利用环境资源比较优势，进行农业生产布局和农业结构调整；加强城郊区农业生态环境保护和污染的治理；合理施用农药化肥，防止农产品农药残留和硝酸盐污染；加强全市农业环境与农产品质量安全监测体系建设，开展预警监测；加强三峡库区农业面源污染防治；进一步开展农业环境优先污染物的控制研究等防治对策。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Status and trends in EFlows in southern Africa

Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.