新疆气候暖湿化背景下干旱分布与演变特征

新疆是我国降水最少、产水能力最低的地区，自然灾害主要是干旱。本文基于实测降水、径流数据，依据全国第三次水资源调查评价形成的新疆降水、径流等值线图，形成干旱分布图，并构建年尺度面降水、径流系列。采用干旱分布图和系列数据，按不同空间尺度量化分析了研究区干旱状态和演变规律。新疆多年平均降水深为157.7 mm,单位面积产水量48.5 mm, 80%以上的面积属干旱、半干旱区，南疆较北疆干旱、山区相对湿润、平原干旱。在气候变暖的背景下，呈现不同程度湿化趋势，但气象干旱和水文干旱的气候形态并未发生改变。近30 a的相对丰水期，由于经济社会用水量的不断增加，加之高温导致的径流年际波动加剧，使新疆面临更为严峻的干旱形势。     

浅谈环境监测中微机应用方面的质量保证

从当前环境监测工作中微机应用的现状出发，分析了对微机应用工作进行质量保证的内容及特点，并提出了对微机应用工作实施有效质量控制的一些观点。     

基于RS和GIS的干旱荒漠区域土壤侵蚀动态监测与评价

为建立土壤侵蚀动态变化数据库，本文以土地利用数据、植被覆盖指数、最大风速等值线图和DEM数据为信息源，对干旱荒漠区新疆克拉玛依市2000年和2007年的土壤侵蚀状况进行了动态监测与评价。结果表明，受自然条件和人类活动影响，8年间克拉玛依市土壤侵蚀强度有所增加，变化区域主要集中在克拉玛依市中部平原区。该方法的应用实现了土壤侵蚀的定时定量评价。     

距离加权插值法在大气环境监测数据处理中的应用

探讨了用距离加权插值法对大气环境监测数据进行网格图形化处理，并对算法过程进行研究，从而得到区域大气环境污染物浓度分布等值线图，以便于更简明、直观地进行分析评价。     

PC—1500袖珍机绘制质控图

一、使用目的 在环境监测系统中,质控图是较常用的质控方式,质控图的绘制是一次非常繁琐的工作,应用微机绘质控图既简便又提高了工作效率。 本程序主要通过DATA语句输三种质控图的基础数据,包括: (一)空白实验数据:20对 (二)加标回收率实验数据:20个 (三)控制样实验数据:20对     

上海浦东国际机场飞机尾气排放对机场附近空气质量的影响

统计2012年10月和11月浦东机场飞机机型和航班架次，根据各类飞机起降的污染物排放设计工作参数，估算出2012年浦东机场飞机起降时排放的NO2、SO2、CO和HC的估算值。利用浦东新区13个空气监测子站二氧化氮和二氧化硫数据绘制等值线图。结果显示，机场所在的江镇点位和祝桥点位二氧化氮浓度变化受飞机影响很大，而飞机排放的二氧化硫对两个点位的影响可以忽略不计。建议采用改进飞机滑行路线、探讨征收飞机碳排放税等措施减少飞机尾气排放对空气质量的影响。     

Surfer软件和AutoCAD在污染场地调查及风险评估中的应用

在场地调查和风险评估报告中需要描述污染物分布和确定土壤修复区域和范围，目前对此无统一的技术要求，不同案例使用的技术方法不同。今提出将 Surfer软件和 AutoCAD结合使用生成等值线图件，以及据此确定污染土壤修复范围的方法，并基于某搬迁化工厂初步土壤调查及风险评估的案例介绍了操作步骤。旨在介绍2个专业软件联用的新功能的开发和使用技巧，为编制场地调查和风险评估报告提供一种便捷、易操作的工作方法。     

大气污染预报技术及有关防治对策的研究

依据历史监测数据，研究了大气污染预测预报的方法及污染防治对策。利用主分量分析、多元逐步回归、拟合与逼近等方法，进行了天气预报参数与主要污染物的关系研究，建立了大气污染预测预报模型，制定了大气污染警戒值及警戒措施。模型可做４８小时内大气污染预报及１０日内大气污染趋势分析。     

计算机制图中几个问题的探讨

一、陕西省土壤背景值等值线图编制方法 (一)采样点位及元素含量数据预处理:土壤背景值数据库采用Dbase管理,但Dbase形成的DBF类型不适合所采用的FORTRAN语言调用,因此通过Dbase的CODYTO指令将DBT类型数据转换为FORTRAN语言能调用     

使用数据压缩方法校验环境监测数据库中关键字段

使用数据压缩方法校验环境监测数据库中关键字段赵雅玲（黑龙江省环境监测中心站，哈尔滨１５００５６）１．问题提出随着微机在环境监测工作中广泛应用，环境监测数据库存储的信息越来越多。人们使用微机的目的已经不仅是从环境监测数据库中及时、准确地获取数据，而且是...     

若尔盖湿地生态安全监测方案研究

若尔盖湿地是黄河上游重要的水源涵养地,在涵养水源、调节径流和维持生物多样性等方面具有重要作用,是流域乃至国家生态安全的关键地区.近年来,由于全球气候变化和人类不合理的开发活动导致若尔盖湿地生态退化加剧,威胁区域和流域生态安全.在若尔盖湿地生态退化趋势与生态安全理论框架研究的基础上,对若尔盖湿地生态安全监测的主要内容进行...     

The orientation of water quality variation from the metropolis river–Huangpu River, Shanghai

The Huangpu River supplies eighty percent of daily water used for life and industry for about 20 million people in Shanghai, China. Industry and human sewerage from the metropolis is mainly released into the Huangpu River, which flows past the Shanghai city area. The pollution caused by city life and production in the Huangpu River has occurred for years. In this paper, the contents of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg), total organic carbon (TOC), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Huangpu River are discussed. Data from environmental monitoring from 1991 to 2002 are compared to understand the variation and trends of the pollution. Results indicate that metals have been reduced efficiently, but organic pollutants develop in aggravating trend as human sewage increase. The variation of the organic pollutant concentration, which are lower than other similar river's of China, US, and Canada, in the Huangpu River suggests that the organic pollution maybe a problem of water quality evolvement in metropolis river protection, which should be accentuated in the world today.     

改进密切值法在阳澄湖水质评价中的应用

以阳澄湖水质分析为例,利用改进密切值法分别对其东、中、西3个湖区湖体水质进行评价。结果表明,在复杂的湖泊生态系统水质评价中,该方法不仅具有模型构建简便灵活、计算量小、结果直观的特点,而且区别于以往笼统的将不同时段、不同区域湖体水质判断为某一类标准的评价模式,能够客观准确地分析不同时空的水质分布规律,预判水质变化趋势,同时区别于将污染指标等权处理或忽略指标权重的评价方式,通过引进熵权法计算权重判断主要污染因子,使湖泊生态系统水质评价结果更真实合理。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮常见问题与解决办法

纳氏试剂光度法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法,该法具有操作简单、灵敏的优点。但在实际工作中有许多因素影响纳氏试剂光度法对水中氨氮的测定结果,根据实际工作经验,对试剂等可能影响氨氮测定结果的有关因素及注意事项进行了研究和探讨,并提出了相应的解决方法。只要切实做好监测过程中的每一个环节,严格按照程序进行,就能保证纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮分析结果的准确性。     

Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in Mugil cephalus from seven coastal lagoons of NW Mexico

The increasing order of the mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tissues of Mugil cephalus of seven coastal lagoons of Sinaloa State (NW Mexico) was liver > gills > muscle, while for Pb it was gills > muscle ≥ liver. There were no differences between the mean concentrations of Cd and Pb of the three tissues determined in the samples of the seven lagoons and, although there were some significant differences, there was no indication of a latitude-related trend in the distribution of Cu and Zn: the Cu content of the muscle tended to be higher in the northern than in the southern lagoons, although in the case of the gills the highest and lowest mean values indicated an opposite trend, with the highest and lowest values in one southern and one northern lagoon. In the case of the liver, there were no differences and no indication of a regional trend. There were no differences in the mean Zn contents of muscle and gills; in the case of the liver, one of the lagoons of the central part of the state had a significantly higher value than one of the southern lagoons and all the rest had similar values. In addition, there was no clear indication of season-related differences in any of the three tissues. According to our results, the metal contents of the muscle of this species are not of concern for human health, since the allowable ingestion would be in the order of 0.9 kg/day.     

荧光法快速测定水中粪大肠菌群

为研究荧光法测定水中粪大肠菌群的适用性,在6家实验室使用荧光法对粪大肠菌群的标准菌株和实际水样进行测定,并与多管发酵法进行比对。结果表明:6家实验室对标准菌株的监测结果均在误差范围内,实验室内相对误差为-2. 75%～1. 71%,准确度较高;对3个不同浓度实际水样进行精密度测定,实验室内相对标准偏差分别为1. 30%～3. 93%、1. 94%～4. 72%、1. 88%～4. 54%,实验室间的相对标准偏差分别为1. 14%、1. 59%、1. 72%,精密度较高;用荧光法与多管发酵法同时测定实际水样,2种方法测试结果线性相关性良好且变化趋势相同,对测试数据进行t检验,2种方法测试结果无显著差异。     

分光光度法测定浮游植物叶绿素a的比较研究

对浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法中的国家标准方法丙酮三色法与目前国际上使用的方法乙醇单色法进性了比较,实验材料使用了实验室培养的栅藻,避免了藻类种类对于测定结果的影响。实验结果显示,乙醇法的萃取率高于丙酮法,但由于乙醇法实验条件的难以控制,其结果的方差较大;两种方法的测定结果间的相关性很好,相关系数为0.9998,因此得出两种方法测定结果间的换算公式为Chla乙醇=1.658 Chla丙酮-5.821。还研究了乙酸滤膜的溶解对于测定结果的影响,结果表明乙酸滤膜的溶解未对测定结果造成明显的影响。     

Salinity variations in the water resources fed by the Etnean volcanic aquifers (Sicily, Italy): natural vs. anthropogenic causes

In this paper, in an attempt to reveal possible changes connected to natural or anthropogenic causes, the main results of hydrogeochemical monitoring carried out at Mount Etna are evaluated. We report on the salinity contents of the groundwaters that flow in fractured volcanics, which make up the flanks of the volcano. These waters, analyzed for major ion chemistry, were sampled regularly from 1994 to 2004. Basing on nonparametric Sen??s slope estimator, time series of groundwater composition reveal that the salinity of most of the Etnean aquifers increased by 0.5% to 3.5% each year during this period. This change in the water chemistry is clearly referable to the overexploitation of the aquifers. This increasing trend needs to be inverted urgently; otherwise, it will cause a shortage of water in the near future, because the maximum admissible concentration of salinity for drinking water will be exceeded.     

Statistical trends in ground-water monitoring data at a landfill Superfund site: A case study

This paper describes the use of statistical regression models to characterize temporal trends in groundwater monitoring data collected between 1980 and 1990 on 15 wells and 13 parameters (195 cases in all) at the KL Avenue landfill site in Kalamazoo County, Michigan. This site was used as a municipal landfill prior to 1980, then was placed on the Superfund site list in 1982 after ground-water contamination was found.Six temporal regression trend models were defined using linear and quadratic regression models. These trends were used to classify each of the 195 cases as: improving, deteriorating, or stable over the 1980–1990 time period. Using these classifications it was determined that there were more than twice as many improving cases as deteriorating conditions at the KL site during this time period. These models provide a method for visualizing and interpreting trends in ground-water quality at individual well locations within the contaminant plume and for assessing the chemical trend behavior of the overall plume. The improving, deteriorating, and stable trend categories were developed for two purposes. The first purpose is to facilitate comprehension of information contained in large amounts of water quality data. The second is to assist communication among the many different groups of people who recommend actions, including remediation responsibilities at Superfund sites, like the KL site.A normal probability model was used in the trend classifications. This model contained provisions to accommodate nondetect data and other abnormal laboratory determinations which can influence the trend selection process. The robustness of this classification procedure was examined using a lognormal probability model. The overall conclusions about the KL site using the lognormal model were similar to those obtained using the normal model. However, some individual trend indications were different using the lognormal model. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the adequacy of both the normal and lognormal models. The lognormal model was found to be a somewhat more adequate model for fitting the KL site data, but was not found to be superior to the normal model for each case.The normal and lognormal models were both found to be suitable for determining overall trend conditions at this site. Both models are recommended for these purposes assuming an understanding of the statistical constraints and hydrochemical context. However, it is recommended that the search for more adequate trend models continues.     

用改进法测定漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚

海水中挥发酚制备时，磷酸的添加量对检测结果的准确性会有较大影响。本文通过改进挥发酚的蒸馏方法进行测定，得出比较准确的结果。同时对漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚进行了检测。结果显示，各养殖区挥发酚的含量均在0．006～0．013mg／L之间，超过了《海水水质标准》（GB3097—1997）的第二类海水水质标准。