《关于推进水污染防治领域政府和社会资本合作的实施意见》发布

<正>为切实实施好《水污染防治行动计划》,日前,财政部、环境保护部联合印发了《关于推进水污染防治领域政府和社会资本合作的实施意见》(以下简称《意见》),对水污染防治领域政府和社会资本合作(PPP)项目操作流程作出明确规范。《意见》提出了完善制度规范,优化机制设计,转变供给方式,改进管理模式,推进水污染防治,提高水环境质量的总体目标,和存量为主、因地制宜、突出重点三大原则。要求水污染防治领域推广运用PPP模式,以费价机制透明合理、现金流     

关于《水污染防治法》修订中加强经济政策手段的思考

"十二五"以来,我国对水污染防治运用经济政策手段进行了积极探索。党和国家出台的政策文件、新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》以及《水污染防治行动计划》等都对水污染防治经济政策手段的制定和实施提出了新的要求。因此,亟需在未来《水污染防治法》的修订过程中加强对相关经济政策手段的规定,给予相关手段明确的法律地位,充分发挥经济政策在水污染防治中的重要作用。为此,本文建议着眼于"十三五"及未来更长一段时期水环境质量改善以及水污染防治形势和突出问题,以推动构建和实施系统、协调和高效的水污染防治经济政策体系为目标,结合党和国家相关文件、法律、行动计划的最新要求,借鉴国际上通过立法保障水污染防治经济政策手段制定和实施的经验,重点从投融资政策、税费和价格政策、排污交易政策等三个方面对现行《水污染防治法》进行修订、补充和完善。具体建议包括:一是完善关于财政投入和融资渠道的相关规定,要求加大水污染防治财政投入和补贴力度、鼓励水污染防治第三方治理方式和PPP模式以及建立流域上下游(跨界)生态补偿机制等;二是完善对于环境税(费)和其他价格机制的相关规定,增加关于环境保护税的说明等;三是增加逐步推行重点水污染物排污权交易的条款等。     

基于循环经济的中水项目PPP融资模式创新研究

中水的开发应用是水资源的污染防治与解决水资源紧缺的有效途径,是循环经济理论在水资源管理中的运用,目前存在着融资渠道单一、资金短缺和管理效率低下等问题。PPP融资模式通过政府与社会资本的合作投资,共担风险,共享收益,有效地缓解政府在公共项目建设上的资金不足,也有助于提高企业管理效率。针对中水项目存在的定价模式单一、补贴政策差异大及经营绩效不佳等问题,提出了设定最低投资报酬率吸引社会资本投入、采用绩效标杆管理促进企业竞争等融资创新措施。     

基于云模型的水环境治理PPP项目可持续性评价——以河南省许昌市水环境治理PPP项目为例

为了使水环境治理PPP项目更好地服务于公众,实现健康可持续发展,需要对水环境治理PPP项目进行可持续性评价。在文献研究的基础上,构建了涵盖经济、社会、资源与环境、工程、项目管理五个方面的水环境治理PPP项目可持续性评价指标体系。考虑到可持续评价系统的随机性和模糊性等特点,引入云模型描述项目可持续的各个属性,实现了水环境治理PPP项目可持续的不确定度量。为了验证方法的可行性,对河南省许昌市水环境治理PPP项目进行案例研究。结果表明:项目整体的可持续性处于"一般"和"较强"水平之间,更接近于"较强"水平;经济、社会、资源与环境的可持续性高于工程和项目管理。提出,通过完善工程配套设施、注重工程的可更新改造的能力、提高管理人员的素质等方面来提高工程和项目管理的可持续性水平。     

三方共赢的特色小镇PPP风险分担机制及稳定性分析

合理的风险分担是顺利实施特色小镇PPP项目,优化参与方利益分配的关键。运用随机合作博弈Shapley值方法描述PPP项目中政府、专业公司、纯投资者的合作形式,以风险溢价最小化为原则描述三方共赢的最佳风险分担模型,以体现PPP项目风险分担机制,维持PPP协议长期合作的稳定性。算例分析可见,随机合作博弈Shapley模型能很好地降低总风险溢价、提高整体收益,实现降低项目总风险、优化联盟收益和促进合作稳定的目的。据此提出加强顶层制度设计、增强中介机构的监督与约束、增强联盟合作关系、建立信用惩罚机制等政策建议,以期为优化风险分担和促进三方共赢提供参考。     

保障性住房项目PPP模式可行性与投资决策研究——基于博弈论

近年来,国家为解决住房供需矛盾大力推行保障性住房建设。采用PPP模式建设保障性住房既可增加保障性住房供给量,又可缓解政府压力,提高资金使用效率,稳定社会经济发展。根据文献识别出适用于保障性住房项目的四种PPP模式,构建了四种PPP模式下的投资回报率模型并判断四种PPP模式的可行性;建立了四种PPP模式下的博弈投资决策模型,运用等额年金法对四种PPP模式进行比较优选;以实际案例对构建的投资回报率模型和决策模型进行验算分析。     

关于湟水流域水污染问题的社会学思考

文章立足湟水流域水污染的实际情况,从目前社会转型期的一些特点出发,从社会学角度对湟水流域水污染问题进行了分析,提出了一些可供湟水流域水污染防治工作参考的观点。     

工业园区水污染防治的问题与对策探讨

随着快速工业化发展,尤其是新建工业项目"入园进区"的推进,工业园区水污染防治越来越成为工业污染防治的重中之重。本文通过从园区准入、适用标准、管理体系等方面对当前工业园区水污染防治中的问题的梳理,对工业园区系统化的工业园区环境行政管理体系进行探讨,研究建议:在园区设立时,应突出区域上资源、能源、环境三元优化与统一,园区企业入园突出环境准入尤其是有利于园区的生态化与循环化改造;在园区企业水污染防治中,应探索园区企业协同治污的差异化排放标准,建立全过程控制水污染防治路线;在环境管理体制创新中,应以排污许可管理为主线,构建园区环境管理相关方协同的系统管理机制。     

工业园区水污染防治中存在的问题与对策

《水污染防治行动计划》对工业园区水污染防治工作提出了更高的要求。文章回顾了我国工业园区水污染防治工作历程,对目前工业园区水污染防治工作中存在的主要问题进行了分析,并从园区合理规划布局、污水收集处理方式优化和管理制度创新等方面提出了若干改善工业园区水污染防治工作的建议。     

环京津贫困带农民生态创业减贫机制研究

立足于创新创业和精准扶贫这一时代背景,在"两山"理论的指导下,贫困地区农民实施生态创业策略可拓展农民增收渠道,增加农民经营性收入,促进该地区生态—社会—经济的复合式发展,有效实现脱贫与生态环境保护的耦合,而生态创业如何帮助农民脱贫是当前有待研究的问题。利用利益相关者理论和参与式扶贫理论,从角色和支持内容两方面对农民生态创业减贫活动中的要素进行分析。基于机制设计理论并结合环京津贫困带的区域特点,对农民生态创业减贫机制进行设计和总结,研究发现:孵化协调机制、市场对接机制、项目引导机制、支撑服务机制和区域协同治理机制的相互协调有助于减轻政府扶贫压力。从提供孵化培育平台、打通市场通道、加强参与式项目引导、完善支撑服务链和进一步推动区域协同治理方面提出建议。     

清洁生产方案实施成效分析

清洁生产方案的质量及可实施性直接关系到企业清洁生产审核的成效。汇总江苏油田推行清洁生产审核单位实施的清洁生产方案380项,从方案的组成、分类、投资、经济效益等方面进行统计分析,阐明了多种无、低费方案,不仅资金投入的回报率高,而且投资风险少,有明显的效益。通过"节能、降耗、减污、增效"这一主导思想产生的各类清洁生产方案的实施,达到了较可观的经济、环境和社会效益。     

中国环境保护投资进展与展望

环保投资是环保工程项目实施的重要保障，为打好污染防治攻坚战、推进美丽中国和生态文明建设提供了有力支撑。本文回顾了近40多年来中国环保投资政策演进历程，将其划分为企业主体阶段（1979—2003年）、政企并重阶段（2004—2012年）、多元投资阶段（2013年至今）。从规模加大、构成丰富、渠道拓展及强化效益四个方面，总结了环保投资主要进展与成效。基于高质量发展不足、回报机制不健全、投资绩效待提高三个角度，识别当前环保投资存在的关键瓶颈。从强化气候投融资、鼓励投资机制创新、加大财政支出力度、促进多元投资、提高投资效益等五个方面，对未来环保投资政策优化方向进行了展望。     

Local Environmental Investments and Sustainable Development: the evaluation of environmental projects in Scotland supported by the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund

In the UK for the period 1994-99, a broad range of environmental projects were given financial support through the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund under the Objective 1 and Objective 5b programmes. This paper is concerned with the ex-post evaluation of these projects set within a Sustainable Development framework. The aim was to identify project types or characteristics that offered the greatest return on investment. A classification of six broad project types was adopted. The evaluation revealed that there were significant differences between individual projects with respect to the type and scale, and temporal and social distribution of the benefits they delivered. In particular, as well as delivering environmental and economic benefits, many projects made a significant contribution to the development of human and social capital. The paper concludes that it is possible to improve the basis for future project selection in order to maximise the returns on environmental investments in the context of sustainable development.     

Local Environmental Investments and Sustainable Development: The evaluation of environmental projects in Scotland supported by the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund

In the UK for the period 1994-99, a broad range of environmental projects were given financial support through the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund under the Objective 1 and Objective 5b programmes. This paper is concerned with the ex-post evaluation of these projects set within a Sustainable Development framework. The aim was to identify project types or characteristics that offered the greatest return on investment. A classification of six broad project types was adopted. The evaluation revealed that there were significant differences between individual projects with respect to the type and scale, and temporal and social distribution of the benefits they delivered. In particular, as well as delivering environmental and economic benefits, many projects made a significant contribution to the development of human and social capital. The paper concludes that it is possible to improve the basis for future project selection in order to maximise the returns on environmental investments in the context of sustainable development.     

运城市水污染控制与污水资源化对策

水环境污染与水资源紧缺是制约运城市建设与发展的两大重要因素。分析了运城市水污染现状与特征,提出了通过调整产业结构与布局、建立与完善地方法规和政策支持体系、加强综合协调与监督管理、加大科技投入及完善市场化运行机制等手段和措施防治与控制运城市水污染,实现污水资源化。     

Infrastructure development through PPPs in India: criteria for sustainability assessment

Public private partnerships (PPPs) allow the Indian Government to leverage private capital for meeting the widening demand-supply gap in the provision of infrastructure services. The private sector, however, prefers to limit the participation to financially attractive projects only, thereby resulting in patterns of infrastructure creation impeding the progress towards sustainable development. In order to promote sustainable development, the PPP procurement process should focus on incentivising the private sector for sustainable infrastructure development rather than concentrating on ensuring financial sustainability only. This paper discusses the principles-based PPP-specific framework that has been developed to facilitate assessment of PPP projects' progress towards sustainable development. The framework development was based on a holistic approach to sustainability assessment and subsequently validated through questionnaire survey with key stakeholders in the Indian PPP programme. This framework will provide the decision makers with appropriate decision aid for integration of sustainable development principles in the PPP procurement process.     

SIZING OF SURFACE WATER RUNOFF DETENTION PONDS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Historically, storm water management programs and criteria have focused on quantity issues related to flooding and drainage system design. Traditional designs were based on large rainfall‐runoff events such as those having two‐year to 100‐year return periods. While these are key criteria for management and control of peak flows, detention basin designs based on these criteria may not provide optimal quality treatment of storm runoff. As evidenced by studies performed by numerous public and private organizations, the water quality impacts of storm water runoff are primarily a function of more frequent rainfall‐runoff events rather than the less frequent events that cause peak flooding. Prior to this study there had been no detailed investigations to characterize the variability of the more frequent rainfall events on Guam. Also, there was a need to develop some criteria that could be applied by designers, developers, and agency officials in order to reduce the impact of storm water runoff on the receiving bodies. The objectives of this paper were three‐fold: (1) characterize the hourly rainfall events with respect to volume, frequency, duration, and the time between storm events; (2) evaluate the rainfall‐runoff characteristics with respect to capture volume for water quality treatment; and (3) prepare criteria for sizing and designing of storm water quality management facilities. The rainfall characterization studies have provided insight into the characteristics of rainstorms that are likely to produce non‐point source pollution in storm water runoff. By far the most significant fmdings are the development of a series of design curves that can be used in the actual sizing of storm water detention and treatment facilities. If applied correctly, these design curves could lead to a reduction of non‐point source pollution to Guam's streams, estuaries, and coastal environments.     

铜山县宏发造纸厂废水治理工程经济效益分析

经济效益分析是污染治理工程很重要的一个环节，污染治理工程成功与否关健在经济上是否有效益。本文对铜山县宏发造纸厂的污水治理工程的经济效益进行分析，得知该厂投资治理污染的成本一年内可收回。企业废水治理后达标排放，减少了对周边环境的污染，井取得显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

气候投融资加速发展新生态研究

应对气候变化实现碳达峰、碳中和目标需要海量的资金投入并将为中国带来巨大的气候资金缺口,解决这一难题亟须大量的资金投入和高效的投融资手段。2020年以来我国气候投融资顶层文件相继出台,尽管气候投融资体系和试点工作的研究逐渐丰富,但是气候投融资理论研究仍然落后于地方和金融机构的相关实践。本文聚焦于气候投融资体系中存在的标准不统一、机制不灵活、信息不对称、数据不可靠等关键问题,梳理气候投融资加速发展所需的关键要素,讨论气候投融资加速发展的预期目标,提出一套结合数字科技应用的气候投融资加速发展新生态体系及其标准体系、技术体系、数据体系的构建方案,旨在引导和鼓励资金流向技术先进、示范创新、气候效益显著的绿色低碳项目,为气候投融资试点和“双碳”政策落地,提供理论支撑和政策参考。