EDTA滴定法测定硫酸盐的检出限确定

在美国环保总署方法检出限程序的基础上，设计了一个能考虑样品空白和总硬度的可变性对样品测量值贡献的方法检出限程序，并按照此程序对EDTA滴定法测定硫酸盐的检出限进行了确定。对确定结果进行了信噪比和加标回收率检查，证明确定结果能客观地反映实验室对该方法的测试能力。     

双系统离子色谱同时测定河流中氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的含量

水样经o.22μm微孔滤膜过滤后,通过双系统离子色谱,分别以氢氧化钾和甲烷磺酸作为流动相,抑制电导检测,成功建立了同时、准确、快速测定河流中氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的方法.结果表明,该方法检出限o.001～0.002 mg/L,相对标准偏差1.2％～1.9％,加标回收率89.6％～101.5％.该方法操作简便、快速、选择性好,检出限可满足环境水质分析的要求.     

大气中过氧乙酰硝酸酯在线监测技术研究与应用

基于低温气相色谱分离技术、电子捕获检测技术和光化学合成技术,搭建了大气过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)在线监测及校准装置,实现对大气中PAN的在线监测及自动校准。通过参数优化实验,确定了系统最佳运行条件为:柱箱温度12℃、柱前压18k Pa、电子捕获检测器温度50℃、尾吹气流量25 m L/min。测得该条件下基线平稳、噪声小,峰响应最佳;PAN保留时间为1.75 min,线性相关系数(R2)为0.999,检出限为0.026 nmol/mol,定量重复性为1.57%,24 h稳定性为0.74%。将该系统用于现场测试,结果表明系统能够自动运行,并实现定期自动校准。     

毛细管柱顶空气相色谱法测定水中的甲醇

讨论了毛细管柱分析水和废水中甲醇的顶空气相色谱方法,该方法的相对标准偏差为3.9%,检出限为0.8 mg/L,加标回收率95%-101%。     

不同水体中地表水氨氮在线监测仪准确性研究

针对低浓度、较高浓度两种实际水体,分别选择氨气敏电极法(简称电极法)、纳氏试剂分光光度法及水杨酸-次氯酸盐分光光度法(简称水杨酸法)3种不同原理水质氨氮在线监测仪,通过标准物质核查、实际水体比对、加标回收测试及长时间连续在线监测4个方面对监测数据准确性进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)电极法在低浓度水体中监测结果准确性不足,低浓度标准物质核查合格率仅为46.20%,测试结果与真值差异显著(T检验),连续在线测试的氨氮大于0.15 mg/L(《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅱ类标准(0.15mg/L氨氮≤0.5mg/L)),远高于真值(约0.03mg/L);其余两种方法表现良好。(2)水杨酸法在较高浓度水体中受到干扰,连续在线监测结果偏低,初步分析与加装前处理过滤装置有关,其准确性还需进一步研究;其余两种方法表现良好。     

水中总铁两种测定方法的比较

环境监测实验室常使用不同方法进行重复检测作为检测结果质量保证的手段之一。据此对测定水中总铁的两种方法 -邻菲啰啉分光光度法和火焰原子吸收法在校准曲线和检出限、方法精密度和准确度等进行了全面比较,得出两者校准曲线相关性均较好,检出限均为0.03 mg/L,精密度RSD均小于5%,加标回收率均在90%～105%。两者的测定结果无显著性差异。     

固体废物中挥发性有机物现场快速测定方法及有效性研究

采用便携式顶空/气相色谱—质谱(GC—MS)法与吹扫捕集/GC—MS法对实验室加标固体样品和实际固体废物(以下简称固废)中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量进行比对测定,探讨了便携式顶空/GC—MS法现场快速测定固废中VOCs的标准曲线时间有效性。结果表明:采用便携式顶空/GC—MS法测定固体样品中54种VOCs的准确度(以加标回收率计)和精密度分别为70%~123%、4.8%~17.6%,均能满足应急监测分析的要求,其检出限略高于吹扫捕集/GC—MS;其标准曲线在3d内有效性很好,7d后有效性明显下降,14d后需重新做标准曲线进行定量分析。便携式顶空/GC—MS测定固废中的VOCs基体加标回收率为69%~145%,测定结果与吹扫捕集/GC—MS相比,相对偏差小于10%,现场出具的监测数据有效,可为后续固废属性的鉴别和固废的处置提供依据。     

SPE-HPLC法检测环境水样中的痕量三氯卡班

建立了环境水样中三氯卡班(TCC)的预处理和测定方法。考察了3种固相萃取(SPE)小柱、5种洗脱液对TCC回收率的影响。结果表明,采用ENVI-18 SPE小柱、以乙酸乙酯/乙腈(1∶1)为洗脱液、高效液相色谱仪-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测,以蒸馏水为背景溶液TCC的加标回收率高达95%,仪器检出限与定量限分别为2.37与7.89μg/L。该方法用于实际环境水样,TCC加标浓度1~10μg/L,污水厂进水、出水与地表水中TCC的加标回收率分别在89.38%~96.90%、87.74%~94.34%与83.64%~94.61%之间,表明所建立的SPE-HPLC法适合城市生活污水和地表水中痕量TCC的检测。运用该方法测定实际环境水样中的TCC含量,集美污水处理厂进水与出水中TCC浓度分别为1.35与0.22μg/L;华大污水厂进水与出水中TCC浓度分别为1.05与0.53μg/L;白鹭湖水样中的TCC浓度为1.11μg/L。     

碳源及反硝化芽孢杆菌强化低C/N比景观水体的生物脱氮

实验探讨了添加碳源及投加反硝化细菌对低碳氮比景观水体生物脱氮的影响。结果表明,有机碳源及B.subtilis FS05均能显著促进实验水体的生物脱氮作用,实验水体在28℃静置72 h后,乙醇添加组的TN、氨氮、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐的去除率分别达到了62.7%、67.0%、69.8%和29.4%,而同样条件下,B.subtilis FS05投加组的去除率分别达到了66.9%、73.4%、66.0%和82.2%。从水质变化趋势可以看出,投加B.subtilis FS05能在更短时间内完成生物脱氮过程,其中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐去除速率最快,分别仅需要18 h和12 h。     

单液滴微萃取—气相色谱/质谱法检测水中多环芳烃

采用单液滴微萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)法建立了检测水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法,研究了萃取溶剂种类、萃取时间、搅拌速度对萃取效率的影响,确定了最佳单液滴微萃取条件,该法用于水中PAHs的检测,16种PAHs的线性范围为0.2～7.0μg/mL,相关系数≥0.9784,检出限为0.002～0.190μg/mL,相对标准偏差为7.1%～15.1%,加标回收率在81%～122%.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.