新疆环境功能区划与相关区划的关系及衔接

环境功能区划与主体功能区规划、生态功能区划之间既有区别又有联系,同时省级环境功能区划与国家级、县(市)级环境功能区划之间还存在上下衔接的关系.生态功能区划是环境功能区划的基础;主体功能区规划是环境功能区划的上位规划;新疆环境功能区划是从环境功能的角度对主体功能区进行空间上的细化.科学认识省级环境功能区划与多个区划之间的关系,对明确省级环境功能区划的定位、类型划分以及管理要求的深度具有重要作用.     

推进形成省级主体功能区的环境政策及保障机制初探

主体功能区实施分类管理的区域政策，环境政策是其中重要一项。针对省级主体功能区划的工作需要，将现有环境政策进行分类完善，结合四类主体功能区环境条件与发展要求提出了区域差异化的环境政策目标，并对重点政策的实施领域、施政力度进行了详细的描述。此外，为保障基于主体功能区的环境政策落到实处，从法律、资金、监督与管理和信息公开四方面探讨了环境政策保障机制建立的途径和方法。为省级主体功能区划工作稳步推进和后续其他配套政策的研究思路提供一定的参考和启发。     

《新疆环境功能区划试点研究》

现有的自然地理区划、综合自然区划、生态功能区划、社会经济区划、水环境功能区划、主体功能区规划等，对划分国土空间的分异状况发挥了重要的支撑作用。但随着工业化、城镇化的快速推进，我国面临着新一轮产业转移和资源开发，资源环境瓶颈约束日益突显，亟需在主体功能区规划的基础上，进一步明确不同区域的主导环境功能，规避新的布局性污染，确保生态安全，维护人居健康。     

国内外生态功能区划理论研究

生态功能区划是生态系统科学管理与持续利用的基础,通过区划能加深对生态系统的了解,有效减少管理的复杂性。对区域生态功能进行甄别,合理划分生态功能区,并按不同功能合理管理资源,已成为协调区域经济发展与生态保护的重要途径。通过分析生态功能区划的概念、内涵和方法的发展,比较国内外分区框架体系的差异和应用,对生态功能区划的未来发展进行初步探讨,提出今后需关注的三个方面:1系统开展流域水生态功能区划研究,促进水环境问题由水质管理向水生态管理转变;2加深对生态功能区划应用方面的研究;3对生态功能区划的使用者或潜在使用者进行额外教育,以一种高效的方法把区划结果用于生态系统管理、保护规划。     

新疆绿洲经济带生态功能区划的初步研究——以新疆沙雅县为例

对新疆绿洲经济带生态功能区划进行研究,不仅可以为新疆的生态环境建设、环境治理和制定环境保护规划奠定扎实的基础,也为新疆的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益协调发展提供理论依据。以新疆沙雅县为例,根据沙雅县地理环境、生态环境特征,以《生态功能区划暂行规程》及城市生态功能区划原理为指导,在新疆省级三级生态功能区划的基础上,对沙雅县进行第四级生态功能区的划分,共划分出9个四级生态功能区,并针对每个生态功能提出了相应的生态服务功能及建设、保护发展方向。     

主体功能区规划:区域战略由产业调整向空间调整转变

主体功能区规划在"十二五"规划中正式上升为国家战略,其目的是要实现在开发方式上的根本性转变。主体功能区战略与区域振兴规划相辅相成。明确各级政府事权划分、设立主体功能区划监管机构、健全法律保障是实现途径。探索跨区域的开发权流转制度、建立多层次的生态补偿机制、建立可持续的区域政策体系是操作手段。     

中国自然保护地70年发展历程与成效

新中国成立70年来,我国自然保护地体系逐步完善。在生态系统与重要自然资源保护方面,形成了由自然保护区、风景名胜区、森林公园、地质公园、自然文化遗产、湿地公园、水产种质资源保护区、海洋特别保护区、特别保护海岛等组成的保护地体系。在生态空间保护方面,率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线,构建了以重要生态功能区、生态脆弱区和生物多样性保护区为主体的生态保护红线技术体系,成为我国新世纪一项重大生态保护工程,并开展了生态功能区划、主体功能区划。在保护机制上,于2015年启动了国家公园体制,并开展试点示范。本文从以上三个方面概要分析了我国自然保护地的发展历程和发展成效。     

生态功能区划：促进人与自然和谐的重要举措

与“水污染”、“大气污染”这些耳熟能详的词语相比，“生态功能区划”确实逊色、陌生了不少。其实，生态功能区划与我们的生活息息相关，它是保障国家生态环境安全、实施可持续发展的基础，为自然资源有序开发和产业合理布局提供了一把科学的“量尺”。《全国生态功能区划》发布的背景和核心内容是什么？安徽省在生态建设上做了哪些努力？为此，我们邀请安徽省环保局自然生态处副处长沈彬，解读生态功能区划的相关内容。     

省域主体功能区区划的理论与方法

应用经济地理学、区域经济学、环境规划学等多学科的相关理论,初步界定了主体功能区的概念、内涵及其基本特征,将科学发展观和统筹区域发展的基本理念融入其中,归纳出主体功能区划分的指导原则,并根据该原则选取表征主体功能区相关属性的评价指标,构建了省域主体功能区区划的指标体系,提出了省域主体功能区区划的科学理论和实现途径。     

主体功能区划基础上的珠江三角洲土地利用效益评价研究

基于县域单元维度,对珠江三角洲地区进行主体功能区划基础上的土地利用效益综合评价研究。结果表明:1珠江三角洲地区土地利用综合效益总体水平较高,但内部空间差异较明显;2不同主体功能区之间和同一主体功能区内部土地利用的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益存在不均衡现象;3各功能区内部影响土地利用效益提升的障碍因素有所不同,优化开发区主要是生态因素,农产品主产区主要是经济和社会因素,重点开发区主要是经济和生态因素。     

Alternative approaches to the construction of a composite indicator of agricultural sustainability: An application to irrigated agriculture in the Duero basin in Spain

This paper describes a comparative analysis of alternative methods of constructing composite indicators to measure the sustainability of the agricultural sector. The three methods employed were Principal Component Analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process and a Multi-Criteria technique. The comparison focused on the irrigated agriculture of the Duero basin in Spain as a case study, using a dataset of indicators previously calculated for various farm types and policy scenarios. The results enabled us to establish a hierarchy of preferred policy scenarios on the basis of the level of sustainability achieved, and show that the most recent CAP reform is the most sustainable agricultural policy scenario. By analyzing the heterogeneity of different farms types in each scenario, we can also determine the main features of the most sustainable farms in each case. The analysis demonstrates that full-time farmers with small to medium-sized farms and sowing profitable crops are the most sustainable farm types in all the policy scenarios. All of this information is useful for the support of agricultural policy design and its implementation, as we attempt to improve the sustainability of this sector.     

钻井液环保性能评价与分析方法研究

通过对国内外与钻井液相关的环保标准、管理指南等规范性文件的调研,结合我国陆上油田清洁生产与环境保护的实际情况,提出将钻井液的环保性能评价项目分为生物毒性、生物降解性、重金属(总镉、总汞、总铅、总铬、总砷)、石油类和pH值等5类9项,并推荐了相应的评价分析方法。     

Carbon footprint in corporate logistics operations in the food sector

Global warming is negatively affecting the environment of the planet. This situation has led to the development of international standards, such as the International Organisation for Standardization's DIS 14064‐1 and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, both of which measure corporate carbon footprints. These standards provide guidelines that can be applied to different organizational sectors. However, these are not sufficient for controlling the reduction of carbon emissions, because although they propose the use of indicators, they do not explicitly define them. In addition, in the case of emissions from wastewater treatment, they only suggest that the emissions associated with this process be considered. In the present study, an eight‐step, unified methodology based on these two international standards is proposed, focusing on direct emissions. Moreover, the step‐by‐step to data collection, calculations, and the required indicators to control the emissions are defined. The first scope considers direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. Methane generation measurement from wastewater treatment has been included in the methodology within Scope 1, as it is the second most polluting gas after carbon dioxide, both of which give rise to global warming. The proposed methodology was tested as a case study in one of the most important companies in the food sector in Colombia.     

Development of Indicators to Assess Economic Vulnerabilities to Changes in Ecosystem Services: Case Study of Counties in Maryland,USA

We develop indicators showing the relative environmental burdens that human activities place on locales for a given level of economic benefits. The main purpose is to develop tools that allow us to examine the potential vulnerabilities within economies to changes in resource conditions. The indicators of pollution emission or resource consumption per job can be used to identify potential challenges to resource and industry managers and to compare areas in terms of their ability to adapt to change. For example, if a large number of area jobs are dependent on abundant water, this indicates a vulnerability to a reduction in water availability for industrial use. We develop a case study for 23 counties and 1 city in Maryland to examine the usefulness and limitations of the indicators. Our case study demonstrates that the indicators provide an informative view into patterns of local economic activity and use of an area’s environmental goods and services. In contrast to patterns for total environmental burdens (e.g., total SO₂ emissions) that are typically reported, the rates of environmental burden per job are not simply correlated with high or low economic output. Thus, the indicators represent distinct patterns of environmental burdens per job that reflect reliance on environmental services. The indicators have some limitations when used at this fine scale because they can misrepresent conditions in counties in which economic sectors are dominated by one or a few businesses. For this reason, the indicators are best used as a regional screening tool.     

物流量统计量纲研究

物流量量纲的统一标准化是物流量研究的基础,影响到物流规划实施的准确性.针对目前物流量统计量纲没有统一标准的问题,提出了物流标准当量这一物流量单位,统一了物流量统计口径,丰富了物流研究的相关于物流量的统计理论,使不同物流实现可加性,并可与市场容量挂钩,为更科学分析、研究和规划物流业打下基础.     

AHP based life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework: a case study of six storey wood frame and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver

Construction and building industry is in dire need for developing sustainability assessment frameworks that can evaluate and integrate related environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This paper discusses an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based sustainability evaluation framework for mid-rise residential buildings based on a broad range of environmental and socioeconomic criteria. A cradle to grave life cycle assessment technique was applied to identify, classify, and assess triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability performance indicators of buildings. Then, the AHP was applied to aggregate the impacts into a unified sustainability index. The framework is demonstrated through a case study to investigate two six storey structural systems (i.e. concrete and wood) in Vancouver, Canada. The results of this paper show that the environmental performance of a building in Canada, even in regions with milder weather such as Vancouver, is highly dependent on service life energy, rather than structural materials.     

不完全竞争行业中的环境工具有效性研究:一个理论框架

各级政府贯彻落实绿色发展的理念,实现经济增长与环境保护的共赢,才能真正实现"绿水青山就是金山银山"。在经济"新常态"背景下,防治环境污染是个复杂而系统性的工程,需要进行经济追因与综合治理,其中,制定实施有效的环境政策工具尤为关键。本文把微观经济学中的双寡头产量竞争模型作为基准模型拓展用于环境经济分析,并把环境税、环境规制、排污权交易这三类主要环境工具对企业生产决策的影响纳入基准模型,旨在对比研究不完全竞争行业中环境工具的有效性问题。结果表明:主要基于市场机制的环境经济政策比行政色彩浓厚的环境规制更有效率。提高环境税率或排污权价格均能显著削减行业污染物排放量,如果环境税率恰好等于排污权价格,则环境税与排污权交易这两类环境工具的效力相等。这对进一步建立和完善我国尚处于探索或初始实施阶段的环境工具,促进石化、电力、钢铁等不完全竞争行业的主要污染物减排,具有一定参考价值和借鉴意义。     

矿区废弃地植被恢复中的森林生态效益计量分析

基于矿区废弃地植被恢复的视角，在分析矿区废弃地生态系统脆弱性和森林生态效益价值计量理论与方法的基础上，探讨了森林生态效益计量问题。结合矿区废弃地的相关特点，对矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益计量的具体指标进行了筛选。通过研究，选出涵养水源、净化大气、生物多样性保护、保持水土、游憩效益5个具体效益价值计量指标，为今后矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益价值的计量研究提供借鉴。     

Development of a Methodology for Selecting Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management: A Case Study on Participatory Assessment

This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I) on the one hand, and how suitable and applicable they are to a forest management unit on the other. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multicriteria methods are effective tools that can be used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritize, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit. Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques, the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment for participatory decision-making.     

Development of Environmental Indicator Systems: Experiences from Germany

ABSTACT / Environmental indicator systems aim to improve both the information and communication on the state of the environment and the environmental policy making. They have to fulfill scientific, functional and pragmatic requirements, e.g., consideration of ecological context, transparency and reproducibility, comprehensibility, policy relevance, international comparability, and justifiable expenditure. This paper analyzes the experiences made with the development of the German environmental indicator system and draws general conclusions toward further improvements. For Germany, an indicator system has been developed that uses the pressure-state-response approach proposed by the OECD, together with a classification in 14 environmental themes. According to the general requirements, the main criteria used for selecting the indicators are the ecological significance of the indicator, its quantifiability and data availability, and its comprehensibility and policy relevance. Altogether, about 140 indicators are selected. This high number stresses the need for further high-level aggregation, e.g., using methods developed for the valuation process in LCA. Further improvement is also needed, especially for the development of response indicators and in the area of data systematization.