长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺研究

对长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.在对乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和粉碎粒度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了长梗黄精主根与须根多糖提取的最佳工艺条件,即对长梗黄精主根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度80％、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间50min、颗粒大小40目,此时多糖提取率为18.754％;而对长梗黄精须根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度70％、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间30min、颗粒大小80目,此时多糖提取率为16.652％.须根多糖含量与主根含量差异性不显著,故须根的利用价值也很高,有待开发利用.     

蜈蚣草总黄酮提取工艺的优选

采用水浴法提取总黄酮,以蜈蚣草为原料、总黄酮得率为考察指标,通过正交试验研究乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度及料液比对提取蜈蚣草总黄酮得率的影响。结果表明,各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响程度为∶乙醇浓度提取时间提取温度料液比;最佳的提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度60%,料液比1∶15,提取温度60℃,每次3h,提取3次,在此条件下提取的总黄酮得率为6.15%。     

超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的工艺优化

以杜仲籽为原料,应用超声波辅助法提取杜仲籽油.在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的较佳工艺条件.结果表明,杜仲籽油的较佳提取工艺条件为料液比12ml/g,提取温度50℃,提取时间15min,超声波功率225W,在该条件下杜仲籽油得率27.24%.     

星点设计——响应面法优化葎草黄酮的提取工艺

为了探究并优化葎草中黄酮的提取工艺,在单因素实验的基础上,采用星点设计-响应面法设计实验,最终确定了葎草黄酮的最优提取工艺.回归分析和实验结果表明,最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度=72％、料液比(W/V)=1∶28、提取时间=1.2h,实际黄酮/生药提取率为2.64235.该方法优于现有的提取方法,得到的工艺条件具有实际应用价值.     

黄山贡菊总黄酮的微波提取优化工艺研究

采用微波技术提取黄山贡菊中的总黄酮。通过单因素试验考察了浸提时间、乙醇浓度、微波功率、液料比四因素对黄山贡菊总黄酮提取率的影响。利用正交试验确定微波提取黄山贡菊总黄酮的最佳工艺为:当提取时间30min、乙醇浓度70%、微波功率500W、液料比为30∶1时,黄山贡菊中的总黄酮提取率高达11.69%。该工艺操作简便、耗时短,提取效率高。     

含油污泥化学热洗技术研究

以新疆油田含油污泥为研究对象开展化学洗涤实验,以自制的表面活性剂为主洗涤剂,复配碱性无机盐,确定了最优的洗涤剂配方,并在此基础上研究了温度、洗涤时间、固液比、搅拌速度在单因素和正交试验情况下对含油污泥除油率的影响。结果表明,最优配方为磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂QH501和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂DE02配比1?2,浓度2 000 mg/L,碱性无机盐Na₂SiO₃浓度为900 mg/L;各因素对洗涤效果的影响大小依次为：温度>固液比>搅拌速度>洗涤时间;最佳工艺条件为：洗涤温度70℃、固液比1?4、洗涤时间40 min、搅拌速度70 r/min,在该工艺条件下洗涤后污泥含油率可由12.56%降低至1.34%,除油率高达89.3%,含油率满足新疆维吾尔自治区DB65/T 3998—2017《油气田含油污泥综合利用污染控制要求》。     

超声辅助大蒜多糖提取研究

大蒜多糖具有众多的生理功能，有很高的经济价值。以大蒜为原料，采用超声辅助酶解法提取大蒜多糖，具有高速、高效、节能、环保等优点。在单因素试验的基础上，通过正交试验进一步优化提取工艺条件，确定影响提取率的主次因素分别为超声酶解时间、料液比、提取温度和提取时间。结果表明，先期酶解条件为温度50℃、pH5．O、酶用量5．0％，最佳提取条件为超声波酶解时间40min、料液比（m／V）1：3、提取温度85℃、提取时间50min，多糖提取率达72．64％。     

化学氧化-絮凝工艺在压裂返排液除硼中的应用

为降低压裂返排液中的硼含量,满足水样回用配液或外排标准,以5口水平井压裂后的返排液为研究对象,考察了氧化剂类型、投加量、预处理条件、沉淀剂类型、投加量对化学氧化工艺的影响;在化学氧化工艺出水的基础上,考察了絮凝剂投加量、搅拌速度和加药时间间隔对絮凝工艺的影响,并监测了两者耦合联用后的效果。结果表明,H2O2和 BaCl2分别作为氧化剂和沉淀剂时,除硼效果较好,建立了最佳投加量与返排液中初始硼浓度相关的线性方程,便于现场快速选定加药浓度;当PAC浓度为80 mg/L、PAM浓度为5 mg/L、搅拌速度30 r/min、加药时间间隔30 s时,絮凝工艺的处理效果最优;将化学氧化-絮凝工艺耦合后,在氧化反应pH 值为９、氧化反应时间为30 min,沉淀反应pH值为9和最佳絮凝工艺的条件下,可保证滤液中硼质量浓度小于5 mg/L,满足回用配液的要求。研究结果可为压裂返排液的高效、清洁处理提供实际参考。     

利用超声波辅助提取柑桔皮中叶黄素的研究

在超声波作用下，使用不同溶剂，研究了柑桔皮中叶黄素的提取方法，并通过紫外线对其进行了表征研究。结果表明：以丙酮和无水乙醇混合液（1：1，V/V）为提取溶剂，料液比为1：20，超声波提取15min，是从柑桔皮中提取叶黄素的最佳技术工艺。     

苏里格气田天然气处理厂含油污泥破乳剂筛选与优化

随着化学助剂的使用量加大,苏里格气田天然气处理厂含油污泥乳化现象严重,油水分离不充分,导致后续处理难度大,环境风险加大等。为解决上述问题,开展含油污泥破乳剂筛选实验,从11种破乳剂中筛选出DS02(聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯聚醚破乳剂)破乳效果最好。同时,利用正交优化法对其破乳过程工艺操作参数进行优化,确定最佳工艺条件为:温度35℃、加药浓度85mg/L、离心时间16min、转速3 000r/min。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.