中国水泥工业CO2产生机理及减排途径研究

根据水泥生产的基本原理和工艺特点,推导出煤燃烧和石灰质原料煅烧时CO2排放因子分别为2.38 t·t-1和0.527 t·t-1;采用水泥工业CO2排放数学模型计算2001-2008年中国水泥工业CO2排放量,并分析了不同的生产技术水平和产品品种结构对CO2,排放量的影响.结果表明:中国水泥工业CO2排放量与单位产品的...     

焚烧飞灰水泥窑共处置过程As的迁移特征

为了明确焚烧飞灰水泥窑共处置过程中As的迁移特性,对大量国外工业水泥窑As的监测数据进行了统计分析,研究As或Cl输入总量对As迁移特性的影响.同时,采用CHEMKIN软件对水泥窑煅烧过程中As的物相进行热力学模拟,并使用水泥回转窑系统的简化模型讨论了窑灰循环对As迁移的影响.结果表明,焚烧飞灰中As的酸可提取态、可还...     

Simulating operational alternatives for future cement production

To support decisions on product and process development options and strategic planning, information on the consequences of planned changes are needed. For this purpose a flexible model for cement manufacturing has been developed. The model predicts the environmental, product and economic performance in a life cycle perspective, simulating different operational alternatives. Interesting future operational alternatives, such as an increase in the use of industrial by-products and wastes as raw materials and fuels have been explored. The results, i.e. the consequences from a life cycle perspective of potential development options, are discussed.The nine simulations show that the use of recovered material and alternative fuel (defined waste) can be increased while maintaining the current requirements on clinker performance. An increase in the use of recovered material and alternative fuel replaces the use of resources. The simulations also show that the emissions of CO₂, NO_X, SO₂, CO, VOC, CH₄ and dust can be reduced between 30 and 80% depending on the use of recovered material and alternative fuel. The transport of recovered material and alternative fuel increases with increased use. However, the environmental benefits of the increase in use of recovered material and alternative fuel are by far greater than the resource use and emissions to air associated with the increase in transport.     

Energy efficiency and reduction of Co2 emissions through 2015: The Brazilian cement industry

The cement industry is characterisedby intensive energy consumption throughout itsproduction stages which, together with the calcinationof its raw materials, accounts for significant amountsof greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In 1996, theBrazilian cement industry consumed 4.3% of the energyrequired by the industrial sector, contributing over22 Tg (Teragrams) of CO₂. The prospects forgrowth in this sector in Brazil indicate risingdemands for fossil fuels, with a consequent upsurge inemissions. This article aims to present the prospectsfor energy conservation in the Brazilian cementindustry through to 2015, taking into account: theintroduction of new production technologies in thissector, the use of waste and low-grade fuels,cogeneration, the use of cementitious materials, andother measures, based on a technical and economicenergy demand simulation model. In all scenarios, wefound that is possible to significantly reduce energyconsumption and CO₂ emissions for BrazilianCement Industry. Under the market potential scenarios,energy savings vary between 1562.0 to 1900.6 PJ(PetaJoules), with use of cementitious materialsaccounting for around 31% of this total. Fortechnical potential scenarios, use of cementitiousmaterials could represent 51% to 52% of totalachieved energy savings, between 2374.6 to 2803.4 PJ.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃^--eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

Quantifying and managing regional greenhouse gas emissions：Waste sector of Daejeon, Korea

A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.     

Challenges against CO2 abatement strategies in cement industry: A review

Cement industry is an intensive source of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. This industry is responsible for 5% of GHGs emissions and is among the top industrial sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Therefore, CO₂ emissions reduction from cement production process has been always an appealing subject for researches in universities and industry. Various efforts have been carried out to mitigate the huge mass of CO₂ emissions from the cement industry. Although, majority of these strategies are technically viable, due to various barriers, the level of CO₂ mitigation in cement industry is still not satisfactory. Among numerous researches on this topic, only a few have tried to answer why CO₂ abatement strategies are not globally practiced yet. This work aims to highlight the challenges and barriers against widespread and effective implementation of CO₂ mitigation strategies in the cement industry and to propose practical solutions to overcome such barriers.     

中国水泥碳排放测算的影响因素分析与不确定度计算

作为水泥生产大国和CO_2排放大户,中国水泥行业的CO_2排放在国际上受到越来越广泛的重视,然而不同的研究结果之间存在不同程度的差异.为了定量研究中国水泥碳排放测算的影响因素,对碳排放因子的测算、运营边界的界定及水泥熟料或水泥成品的产量这3个影响因素做了详细分析,并对碳排放因子的不确定度做了定量计算.结果发现,影响中国水泥碳排放测算的最主要因素是碳排放因子,而该因素又与生产工艺、燃料和熟料水泥比等密切相关.本研究结果比IPCC、EDGAR、CDIAC和WBCSD/CSI等研究结果均低,并且差异逐年显著,以水泥碳排放来自碳酸盐分解的部分为例,2000年相差约65 Mt,而2012年差值接近450 Mt.计算表明,中国水泥碳排放不确定度为12%~22%.因此,水泥碳排放测算的影响因素较多,在计算中国水泥碳排放量时不可照搬国外研究的参数.     

中国平板玻璃生产碳排放研究

平板玻璃行业是典型的高能耗、高排放行业,目前关于中国平板玻璃行业的碳排放问题还没有得到深入的研究.因此,本文调查了中国300余条主要的平板玻璃生产线,并在此基础上从范围1(工艺过程和化石燃料燃烧引起的直接排放)和范围2(净购入电力和热力在生产阶段引起的间接排放)评估了中国平板玻璃行业从2005年到2014年的CO_2排放情况.结果发现,中国平板玻璃行业CO_2排放量逐年增加,由2005年的2626.9×10~4t逐步上升到2015年的4620.5×10~4t.研究表明:能源消耗是平板玻璃行业碳排放的最主要来源,占比在80%左右,节能降耗是促进平板玻璃行业CO_2减排的主要途径;平板玻璃生产原料中碳酸盐的热分解是CO_2的主要来源之一,占总排放量的20%左右,控制平板玻璃配合料的气体率,在减少平板玻璃生产过程中的CO_2排放有很大潜力;推荐平板玻璃新建项目使用天然气并配备大型熔窑(日熔化量650 t以上)的浮法玻璃生产线,以减少CO_2排放.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃⁻-eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

CH₄和CO₂是大气中主要的温室气体,研究我国城市生活垃圾处理过程中二者的排放情况,对制订温室气体减排政策和应对气候变化有着至关重要的意义. 利用IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)提供的废弃物处理排放CH₄和CO₂的计算方法,对1979—2011年我国城市生活垃圾处理CH₄和CO₂排放量(不含港澳台数据)进行统计分析. 结果表明:①2011年我国城市生活垃圾人均清运量为0.46 t,比2000年增加了53.3%. ②1979—2011年,我国城市生活垃圾处理仍以填埋为主,焚烧和堆肥处理方式相对较少,但近年来焚烧处理量呈逐年增加趋势,其中2011年焚烧处理量是2001年的16.8倍. ③我国城市生活垃圾处理产生的CH₄和CO₂排放量均呈逐年增长趋势,至2011年,二者分别达到7 024.03×104 (以CO₂当量计,下同)和706.22×104 t;其中,2011年CH₄排放量是1990年的20.0倍,CO₂排放量是2001年的16.8倍. ④城市生活垃圾产生的温室气体排放具有明显的地域特性,其中华东地区CH₄和CO₂排放总量高达2 570.98×104 t;西北地区最小,仅为482.3×104 t. 该差异与城市发展规模、人们生活习惯和城市化进程等影响因子紧密相关.      

The CO2 abatement cost curve for the Thailand cement industry

The cement industry is one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitters in the Thai industry. The cement sector accounted for about 20,633 kilotonnes (ktonnes) CO₂ emissions in 2005 in Thailand. A bottom-up CO₂ abatement cost curve (ACC) is constructed in this study for the Thai cement industry to determine the potentials and costs of CO₂ abatement, taking into account the costs and CO₂ abatement of different technologies. The period of 2010–2025 is chosen as the scenario period. We analyzed 41 CO₂ abatement technologies and measures for the cement industry. Using the bottom-up CO₂ ACC model, the cost-effective annual CO₂ abatement potential for the Thai cement industry during the 15 year scenario period (2010–2025) is equal to 3095 ktonnes CO₂/year. This is about 15% of the Thai cement industry’s total CO₂ emissions in 2005. The total technical annual CO₂ abatement potential is 3143 ktonnes CO₂/year, which is about 15.2% of the Thai cement industry’s total CO₂ emissions in 2005. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis for the discount rate parameter.     

我国典型燃煤源和工业过程源排放PM2.5成分谱特征

鉴于我国本地化源谱（源成分谱）数量不足的现状,采用稀释通道系统对燃煤源和工业过程源进行采样,建立了4类燃煤锅炉（链条炉、流化床、往复炉和煤粉炉）和6类工业过程源（炼铁、铝焙烧、铝煅烧、砖瓦炉、水泥窑头和窑尾）的PM_2.5成分谱,并对源谱特征进行研究.结果表明:① 不同源谱组分特征差异明显.水泥窑炉排放的PM_2.5中,w（Ca）、w（Si）、w（OC）、w（SO₄2-）较高,分别为8.51%~14.18%、5.69%~11.80%、3.47%~15.56%、8.67%~16.85%;燃煤锅炉中Al（4.50%~8.67%,质量分数,余同）、OC（6.44%~15.33%）、SO₄2-（9.85%~22.87%）组分贡献较大;炼铁和铝冶炼工艺源谱中主导化学组分分别为Fe（8.57%~9.88%）和Al（11.81%~16.58%）;砖瓦炉颗粒物源谱中主要组分为SO₄2-、NH₄+、Si等.② 不同污染源PM_2.5成分谱的分歧系数结果显示,流化床和煤粉炉、水泥窑头和窑尾源谱较为相似,其分歧系数分别为0.26和0.28,其余源谱间均存在一定差异.进一步计算组分差异权重（R/U）发现,往复炉源谱中组分Zn、Sn与其他3类锅炉有明显不同.流化床/煤粉炉源谱中的Si、Ni,窑头/窑尾源谱中的K、Mn、OC组分差异显著,可以作为区分相似源谱的标识组分.与其他研究建立的源谱相比,燃煤源谱中w（EC）和w（SO₄2-）偏高.钢铁源谱中w（EC）和w（NH₄+）较其他地区偏高,w（Pb）偏低;工业过程源谱中,w（Cl-）较SPECIATE相关源谱偏低,而w（Ⅴ）和w（Cr）偏高.鉴于颗粒物源谱受到不同燃料种类、燃烧方式和烟气控制设施等影响而存在差异,源谱的准确性和代表性还需进一步测试和验证.      

城市废弃物处理温室气体排放研究:以厦门市为例

城市废弃物处理是城市人为活动产生温室气体的来源之一.参考IPCC国家温室气体清单指南2006推荐的方法建立了厦门市废弃物处理的温室气体排放计算模型,对厦门市2005～2010年废弃物处理的温室气体排放情况进行了估算,包括固体废弃物填埋、焚烧以及污水处理等过程.结果表明,2005年温室气体总排放量折合二氧化碳当量(CO2e)为406.3 kt,2010年温室气体总排放量(以CO2e计)达到704.6 kt,随着废水处理工艺的提高和城市生活垃圾量的迅速增长,主要排放源由废水处理转变为固体废弃物填埋.2005年填埋产生的温室气体排放占固体废弃物处理排放量的90%左右,2010年所占比例下降到75%.厦门市废水处理温室气体排放量2007年最高,以CO2e计达到325.5 kt,化学原料及化学品制造业从2005～2010年一直是厦门市CH4排放量最高的产业,占工业废水处理CH4排放总量的55%以上.     

中国水泥工业CO2排放现状及减排对策

水泥工业是中国制造业中温室气体CO2的主要排放源,因此,根据水泥生产的基本原理和工艺特点,建立了CO2排放的数学模型并确定排放强度,计算了2001—2010年中国水泥工业CO2的排放量,分析了影响CO2排放量的主要因素及其发展趋势,并提出水泥工业CO2减排对策.结果表明,中国水泥工业CO2排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和单位产品原料、燃料消耗定额呈线性关系;在CO2排放总量中,原料煅烧和燃料燃烧阶段的排放量分别占49%和51%;"十一五"期间单位水泥产品CO2排放强度由0.69t.t-1下降到0.65t.t-1.万元GDPCO2排放量呈下降趋势,2008年达到最低值为0.3054t,平均每年万元GDPCO2排放量下降10.69%,说明水泥工业10年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施对于减少CO2排放具有明显效果.     

中国水泥排放清单及分布特征

本研究基于2018年在线监测数据等,分析中国水泥行业主要工序（窑头和窑尾）排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2018年中国高时空分辨率水泥行业大气污染物排放清单（high resolution cement emission inventory for China,HCEC）.结果表明,2018年中国水泥行业的PM、SO₂和NO_x排放量分别为72893、92568和878394 t.从时间维度：2018年中国水泥行业主要工序烟气排口月均浓度逐步降低,蓝天保卫战成效显著.从区域维度：2018年京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区和汾渭平原,水泥窑年均排放浓度整体低于全国平均水平,但各城市排放浓度存在差异.2018年安徽省水泥行业排放量最大,北京市和天津市水泥行业的单位面积污染排放强度最大.     

Structural Change of the Manufacturing Sector in Korea: Measurement of Real Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions

In terms of energy use, it is wellknown that energy intensity in the manufacturingsector is higher than any other sector. In Korea, theenergy intensity of the manufacturing sector hasdeteriorated since the late 1980s. This phenomenonis quite unique compared with the trend of energyintensity in other countries. In this study, weclosely examine the structural composition of Korea'smanufacturing sector from 1981 to 1996, its energyintensity, and its implications for carbon dioxide(CO₂) emissions by introducing the measurement ofreal energy intensity.The conventional index of energy intensity is notappropriate for aggregate industries. Since theaggregation of industries in the manufacturing sectorincludes structural change, it would be better toseparate the effect of structural change. Hence, inthis study, we apply a decomposition methodology forenergy intensity based on the `Divisia Index'. Ateach industry level, energy intensity is a mixedmeasurement of pure energy efficiency improvement andfuel substitution. We also calculate real energyintensity at each industry level. Based on ouranalysis, we derive carbon dioxide (CO₂) intensity and analyze the factors that affect CO₂ emission in this sector.During 1988–1993, the energy intensity of themanufacturing sector in Korea deteriorated. Industrial structural change,the real energy intensity in this sector became evenworse during this period. The primary reason for thisphenomenon was that the share of energy intensiveindustries, such as steel, cement, and petro-chemicalindustries increased. Second, during the sameperiod, liquefied natural gas (LNG) rapidlypenetrated this sector, so that theCO₂ intensity improved. We find thatharmonization of economic development strategies andenvironmental consideration is crucial for sustainabledevelopment. Based on our study, we derived somepolicy implications. Integration of industrialpolicies and energy efficiency improving programs isquite important, as well as the acceleration of fuelsubstitution to less carbon (C) intensive ones. Integration of local and global environmental policiesplays an important role for mitigatingCO₂ emissions.     

水泥行业清洁生产实例研究

以某水泥生产企业为例,对水泥行业实施清洁生产分析与评价方面进行了探讨,提出水泥行业的清洁生产需从企业的整体生产过程着手。加强窑炉的余热利用以及改进主生产线的除尘设备,对于实现水泥企业的经济和环境效益的双赢具有重要的意义。此外,对企业的管理者和生产者灌输清洁生产的理念同样是实现企业清洁生产的重要组成部分。     

废皮革水泥窑共处置生命周期评价

以废皮革为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验.以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并与常规水泥生产过程作比较.结果表明:常规水泥生产过程的综合环境负荷为7.028×10-12 a-1,其中最大的环境负荷为全球变暖,达3.368×10-12 a-1.当废皮革作为替代燃料在水泥窑中共处置时,可减少燃煤的使用量,同时降低CO₂的排放,降低了能源消耗、人体健康损害等方面的环境压力;其综合环境负荷为6.618×10-12 a-1,比常规水泥生产降低了5.83%.      

Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills

Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO₂ mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO₂ is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO₂ (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO₂ emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO₂ can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO₂ utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO₂ capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO₂ (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO₂ capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO₂ capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO₂, and prospective changes in legislation.