基于气候舒适度的我国旅游季节性分析与潜力提升

季节性是旅游地与旅游产业的显著特征之一,而气候环境是形成旅游季节性的直接性原因。基于2002—2013年我国城市入境旅游与气候环境相关数据,运用温湿指数、风效指数和着衣指数构建了旅游气候综合舒适度评价模型,将我国大陆31个省会城市旅游气候划分为春秋舒适型、夏季舒适型、冬季舒适型和常年舒适型四类。运用旅游淡旺季判定指数和季节性强度指数,分析了22个热点旅游城市的入境旅游季节性特征,并将其分为春秋集中型、夏冬集中型、夏季集中型和冬季集中型四类,在判定部分城市入境旅游季节性潜力的基础上,从理念转变、产品开发、多元调控等视角提出我国旅游季节性潜力的提升策略。     

四川省游客流时间分布特征及成因分析

将四川省作为旅游目的地，以旅游人数为指标，运用季节性强度指数、季节指数以及数理统计方法比较分析了四川省入境游客流与国内游客流的时间分布特征，主要从年际变化特征与月变化特征两个方面进行研究。依据四川省主要旅游景点季节性强度指数的时间变化特征，从旅游主体、旅游客体和旅游媒体三方面分别探讨了游客流时间变化的成因，重点研究了旅游客体类型、知名度、区位等因素对游客流时间分布特征的影响。     

海南州气候变化对生态环境的影响及对策研究

文章针对青海省海南州气象灾害频繁发生、草场退化、土地荒漠化、湖泊水位下降和河流流量减少等生态环境退化现象日益严重的实际，在广泛收集和整理气候、水资源、草地资源等生态环境因子资料的基础上，对海南州的主要气候要素、地表径流、水资源、植被的演替及其相互间的关系等主要生态环境变化特征进行了分析，为海南州经济社会协调发展提供了科学依据。     

青海省旅游资源开发和旅游经济增长的探讨

采用最新资料分析了青海省旅游资源开发中的优劣因素和当前旅游经济的特征，探讨了建设黄河河谷度假旅游区以及进一步开发旅游资源的途径，提出了加强环境保护等保持旅游业增长的措施。     

新疆旅游气候舒适性分析与旅游区划

以新疆维吾尔自治区为案例,对研究区1962—2011年气象数据进行系统分析,选取气温、相对湿度、风速三个气候要素构建温湿指数(THI)、风效指数(WEI)、舒适指数(C)和着衣指数(ICL),通过与不同指数分级表的对比分析,得出新疆不同地域的适宜旅游期:4—10月是新疆的旅游适宜季节,其中只有北疆阿尔泰山系、天山北坡部分县市4月、10月气候偏冷,不适宜旅游。北疆地区和东疆哈密地区11月至次年3月份气候舒适度较差,不适宜开展旅游活动;南疆大部分地区3月份和11月份是适宜旅游的过渡季节,12月至次年2月天气偏冷,除冬季滑雪外,全疆大部分地区不适宜旅游。     

基于生态足迹的青海省海北州旅游业可持续发展测度

本研究采用旅游生态足迹、旅游生态承载力和旅游生态占用指数方法,以青海省海北州藏族自治州为案例地开展实证研究。研究结果表明:2011年海北州旅游生态足迹中,旅游餐饮、购物和交通是其主要组成部分,分别占49.40%、23.81%、22.04%;海北州人均旅游生态承载力为0.5360hm2/人,人均生态足迹为0.00841hm2/人,旅游生态占用指数为0.0157。表明海北州旅游业发展对生态环境的影响处于可控范围之内,旅游生态系统是安全的,旅游业处于良性发展阶段。并提出了促进海北州生态环境建设与旅游经济协调发展的相关建议措施。     

腾冲县旅游气候适宜度分析研究

基于1981—2010年云南省腾冲县基础气候的数据分析,建立了适用于腾冲县的旅游适宜度指数。结果显示,腾冲县全年的旅游适宜度指数变幅为16.5—24.0,表明全年的气候都适合旅游,其中每年的10月至次年的3月最适宜旅游,4—9月适宜旅游。此外,对合理开发气候旅游资源进行了有针对性的探讨,为地方旅游产业发展规划提供了气象依据。     

高分辨率对湖南凤凰旅游气候舒适度与客流量年内变化相关性分析

利用湖南凤凰2009-2011年逐句气象统计数据,高分辨率对湖南凤凰旅游气候舒适性进行评价.在此基础上,采用OLS方法分析了客流量年内变化与气候舒适度指数的相关性.结果表明,入境客流量年内变化主要受天气和气候变化的影响,客流量旬指数的气候弹性系数为0.58％;国内客流量年内变化主要受气候变化、人们工作及休闲制度的影响,客流量旬指数的气候弹性系数为0.34％.本研究为丰富旅游气候研究以及旅游业发展规划、旅游项目开发和景区管理提供科学依据.     

青海省生态脆弱保护区划分及其地下水资源特征初步分析

青海省域内柴达木盆地、青海湖流域、青南多年冻土区等地区生态系统脆弱，在开发利用过程中，必须加强地下水影响评价和保护力度。全省生态脆弱保护区可划分为绿洲生态脆弱保护区、湿地保护区、多年冻土环境脆弱区3个大区、30个亚区。文章对青海省生态脆弱保护区划分及其地下水资源特征进行了初步分析。     

中国公民出境旅游的国际比较

近年来中国出境旅游市场规模增长迅速，出境旅游消费已成为中国公民的一个消费新热点。采用总旅游倾向、国家潜在旅行生成指数和人均旅游消费支出3个指标，比较分析了中国与其他14个出境旅游消费大国在出境旅游发展上的差异和差距。结论认为，出境旅游对中国总人口的渗透程度还很低，仍属于出境旅游低产客能力国家；中国出境旅游消费正处于转型期，旅游高消费仍是出境旅游市场的一个重要特征。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。