铁氧化物多孔陶粒生物滴滤塔净化硫化氢气体

采用装有凹凸棒石基铁氧化物多孔陶粒作为填料的生物滴滤塔,进行了长期实验室H2S脱臭实验。结果表明,该生物滴滤塔H2S的进气浓度低于500 mg/m3时,循环营养液喷淋量高于1.5 L/h,气体最佳停留时间为54.9 s,去除率在95%以上。代谢产物以SO2-4为主,转化速率在52.42 g/(m3·d)左右。该滴滤塔系统可稳定而有效运行。生物相观察表明,滴滤塔填料表面附着大量微生物,铁氧化物陶粒具有化学和生物惰性,有利于微生物的附着。     

生物滴滤塔处理H_2S臭气

目前,环保政策极其关注污水处理厂的臭气排放并制定了排放标准。本实验依托3个并联的中试生物滴滤塔对污水提升泵站的H2S臭气展开研究,考察不同H2S进气负荷、停留时间、压降和填料填装方式(竹炭-陶粒分层填装、完全混合及全竹炭填装)等因素对H2S去除率的影响。对生物滴滤塔的出气浓度、滤出液p H、SO2-4离子等进行测试分析,建立传质、降解动力学模型,并分析。在停留时间为25 s连续进气条件下,考察进气负荷在0.59~5.00 g H2S/(m3·h)范围内生物滴滤塔对H2S臭气的去除表现效果。研究结果表明,各生物滴滤塔的去除率(RE)都维持在98%以上,而且出气浓度达到厂界废气排放三级标准;相较于完全混合填装方式,分层填装在去除H2S臭气时略显优势。采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述生物滴滤塔的去除表现,表观半饱和常数Ks和最大表观去除速率Vm分别为5.92 m L/m3和5.84 g H2S/(m3·h)。     

固定化排硫硫杆菌对气体中H_2S去除特性

为提高生物滴滤塔净化气体中H_2S的运行效率,分别采用活性炭、陶粒、聚丙烯空心球3种填料,以排硫硫杆菌(Tiobacillus thioparus)接种生物滴滤塔处理含H_2S气体,研究了进气H_2S浓度、气体停留时间等参数对生物滴滤塔去除H_2S性能的影响。结果表明,采用排硫硫杆菌接种生物滴滤塔处理含H_2S气体,挂膜速度快,系统运行稳定且脱硫效率高。3种填料中活性炭填料脱硫效果最好,固定进气H_2S浓度1.5 g·m~(-3),停留时间高于23 s时,H_2S去除率可以达到94.4%以上,H_2S去除负荷达333.16 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)。动力学分析表明,活性炭生物滴滤塔最大H_2S去除负荷为666.7 g·(m~3·h)~(-1),饱和常数为0.87 g·m~(-3)。随着实验的进行,填料塔的压力降会因为生物膜的生长和单质硫的积累逐渐增加,严重时导致气体完全堵塞,需要进行鼓泡反冲以除去积累的单质硫。     

错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用焦化厂污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌，接种错流式生物滴滤床，净化含甲苯废气。研究了生物滴滤床的挂膜启动和长期运行情况，填料和营养液对滴滤床去除能力的影响，并对长期运行的压降进行了观察分析。反应器挂膜启动需要6 d时间，稳定运行的平均去除效率为95％，单位体积最大去除负荷为251 g/(m³·h)。结果表明，采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气；以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液，均有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力；错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。     

生物滴滤塔处理有机废气的填料选择研究

以含低浓度乙酸、正己烷和苯乙烯的混合有机气体模拟实际有机废气,采用实验室规模的生物滴滤塔处理有机废气,并比较了海绵、珊瑚石、陶粒和空心塑料小球4种填料的性能。结果表明:(1)生物滴滤塔启动时间最短的为海绵生物滴滤塔(约20d),其次为陶粒生物滴滤塔(约25d),启动时间较长的为珊瑚石生物滴滤塔(约35d)和空心塑料小球生物滴滤塔(约40d)。(2)在稳定运行期,不同填料生物滴滤塔对水溶性和极性较强的乙酸的去除率差异尤为明显,对正己烷和苯乙烯的去除率差异相对较小。(3)4种填料生物滴滤塔中的异养细菌数量依次为海绵>陶粒>珊瑚石>空心塑料小球。运行80d时,海绵、陶粒、珊瑚石和空心塑料小球生物滴滤塔中的异养细菌数量分别达5.9×108、4.8×108、3.6×108、3.0×108 cfu/g(以单位质量干填料计)。(4)在相同的进气流速下,4种填料生物滴滤塔的填料层压力降依次为珊瑚石>陶粒>空心塑料小球>海绵。(5)海绵和陶粒较适宜作为生物滴滤塔的填料。     

生物滴滤塔烟气同时脱硫脱硝中试动力学模拟

动力学模型可计算并预测各种操作参数条件下生物滴滤塔烟气同时脱硫脱硝工艺的运行效果。在实验室研究中建立了生物滴滤塔对SO_2及NO_x的降解去除动力学方程,并应用于中试试验研究。结果表明,在实验室研究中,生物滴滤塔对SO_2降解去除的动力学方程为c_(g,out)+32.052 8lnc_(g,out)=c_(g,in)+32.052 8lnc_(g,in)-90.158 7(c_(g,in)、c_(g,out)分别为进入生物滴滤塔底部、生物滴滤塔排出尾气中的气态SO_2或NO_x质量浓度,g/m~3,下同),对NO_x降解去除的动力学方程为c_(g,out)+8.223 7lnc_(g,out)=c_(g,in)+8.223 7lnc_(g,in)-8.284 1。中试试验研究中经过修正,生物滴滤塔对SO_2降解去除的动力学方程为c_(g,out)+3 105.685 5lnc_(g,out)=c_(g,in)+3 105.685 5lnc_(g,in)-11 126.837 3,对NO_x降解去除的动力学方程为c_(g,out)-916.675 2lnc_(g,out)=c_(g,in)-916.675 2lnc_(g,in)-244.226 2。     

填料对生物滴滤塔去除H_2S的影响

为比较不同生物填料用于城市污水提升泵站除臭的性能,建立4组不同填料的生物滴滤塔(BTF)中试装置,并考察其对污水提升泵站中以H_2S为主的市政臭气的去除效果。结果表明,在进气风量为180 m~3·h~(-1),H_2S进气浓度控制在7 500~8 500μg·m-3条件下,竹炭在吸附阶段和挂膜阶段对H_2S去除效果均最佳;竹炭生物滴滤塔挂膜速度最快,只需1~2周就可以完成挂膜,H_2S主要集中在塔底填料层500 mm位置以下被降解,塔顶出气浓度稳定在(30±2)μg·m~(-3),压降稳定在(78.7±0.5)Pa,滤出液中SO_4~(2-)浓度最高达到117.04 mg·L~(-1),塔内pH为2.0~3.0,降解H_2S的微生物为嗜酸性菌。     

好氧条件下生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝性能及相应动力学模型的优化

为探究高效同步脱硫脱硝的生物工艺,以生物转鼓反应器为实验对象,研究了好氧条件下SO2质量浓度、NOx质量浓度、营养液体积和气体停留时间(EBRT)的变化对生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝效果的影响,并用动力学模型拟合值与实验数据进行了对比.实验结果表明:生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝最适条件为SO2质量浓度1200 mg·m-3,NOx质量...     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜，活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔，考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明，当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时，菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3；塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱；喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L，硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时，3个塔经过7d的调整后，均能达到稳定状态，稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变，喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

生物滴滤塔处理苯乙烯气流的工效和生物膜微群落的分析

采用培养驯化污泥菌种、类球形陶粒和循环液等构建生物滴滤塔.研究评价气体苯乙烯浓度、气体流量、循环液喷淋量对生物滴滤塔工效的影响,并对生物膜微群落中的微种群作了定性定量检测.当进口气体苯乙烯小于1 000 mg/m3、气体流量为200 L/h、循环液流量为10 L/h时,苯乙烯净化效率达90%以上,生化去除量为30 mg/(L·h);单位体积生物膜填料对苯乙烯的最大生化去除量为35 mg/(L·h).湿润生物膜微群落的优势菌种群包括恶臭假单胞菌、梭形芽孢杆菌、罗非氏不动杆菌等5种,恶臭假单胞菌等非芽孢杆菌的最大活菌数为5.5×107 CFU/g,并随生物滴滤塔运行时间延长有减少趋势.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。