Characteristics of NO reduction with non-thermal plasma

As a new type of NO removal system, NO reduction in N2-NO plasma was applied to solve the difficulties in the traditional methods, such as higher energy-consumption, larger equipment size and high cost, and so on. Using the experimental NO reduction system with single-pair electrode tip discharge structure, the NO reduction characteristics of N~-NO system were revealed to guide the engineering practice; the results of NO reduction with single-pair electrode tip discharge plasma also have the same instructive meaning to the NO reduction with multi-pair electrode tip discharge plasma. The amount of both active N atom and NO removal rate increased with the distance /g increasing between the two electrode tips and then dropped when the distance exceeded a certain value. The NO removal rate increased while the voltage between two electrode tips or the resident time of gas flow increased. The distance is a key geometrical variable factor that can determine the intensity of electric field between two electrode tips and the resident time of gas. In this paper, the effects of the dielectric features on NO reduction using dielectric-barrier discharge plasma system were also studied. The results of NO removal rate with different dielectrics such as Al2O3, CaO. MgO and glass showed that the electric field intensity is different with different dielectric, because it brings different energy to particles in discharge room and thus it causes different NO removal rate.     

不同背景气体下非平衡等离子体去除NO实验

设计了一套高压电源和柱-筒反应器装置,在不同的背景气体下进行了介质阻挡放电脱硝的实验研究,主要探讨了放电电压、含氧量、停留时间和功率对NO去除率的影响.结果表明:不同背景气体下,放电电压在一定的范围内(氩气:5～7kV;氮气:9～11kV)对NO脱除率有较大影响;氧气的加入对不同背景气体下的脱硝率都有影响,对氩气背景下的NO去除率影响最大;停留时间的增加有利于NO的去除,当停留时间增加到某一个值(7s)后,NO的去除率变化逐渐平缓;达到相同的去除率,氩气背景下的功率远远小于氮气背景,功率的增加有利于NO的去除;合理选择背景气体有利于NO去除率的提高和能耗的降低.     

Production of ammonia from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition

Effects of carrier gas composition(N_2/air) on NH_3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH_3 production and byproducts formation from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al_2 O_3-packed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O_2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH_3. The final yield of NH_3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23 kV, respectively when air was used as the carrier gas instead of N_2.From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, air carrier gas is better than N_2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of plasma and Al_2 O_3 catalyst to give NH_3 and CO_2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N_2 O formed with N_2 as the carrier gas, however,more byproducts including N_2O and NO_2 in the gas phase and NH_4 NO_3 in solid deposits were produced with air as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH_3, the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in air-DBD plasma.     

介质阻挡放电去除NO的实验研究

设计了一套高压电源和同轴圆柱 -筒介质阻挡放电反应器装置 ,进行了冷等离子体去除NO的实验研究 ,结果表明该方法是有效的 .研究了气体流量、NO初始浓度、放电电压、O2 含量以及中心电极尺寸对NO去除效率的影响 .当流量较小或NO初始浓度较低时 ,有较高的去除率 ;流量变大和NO初始浓度增加时 ,NO的去除率将下降 .放电电压升高 ,NO去除率将增大 .O2 的存在会降低NO的去除率 .放电管其它特征尺寸给定条件下 ,中心电极存在一个最佳直径 ,使得NO的去除效果最为理想 .     

Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from dry gas stream using non-thermal plasma

In order to investigate the feasibility of sequential removal NO and SO_2 using non-thermal plasma and adsorbent simultaneously,the removal of NO and SO_2 from dry gas stream(NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2)with very little O_2 using non-thermal plasma was investigated using a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge.Comparative experiments were carried out in the dry gas stream with and without Ar respectively at O_2 concentration of 0.1%.The results showed that NO could be removed remarkably and it would be enhanced in the presence of Ar in the dry gas stream.It seems that SO_2 could not be removed unless there is Ar in the dry gas stream.The mechanism of removal of NO and SO_2 in the dry gas stream was discussed.     

低温磁性铁基SCR烟气脱硝的实验研究

在流化床反应器中,以磁性铁氧化物(Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3)颗粒为床料,氨为还原剂,进行了中低温SCR烟气脱硝实验研究,然后对反应辅加磁场,初步研究磁场对磁性γ-Fe2O3催化剂SCR脱硝的影响,并对床料进行了XRD分析.结果表明,Fe3O4的SCR活性较差,γ-Fe2O3的SCR活性较佳,在250℃其催化脱硝效率能达到90%,但在250℃以上Fe2O3会对氨的氧化起作用,因而在250℃及以下的邻近温度区间是最佳催化温度区间.此外,在150~290℃,外加磁场能促进γ-Fe2O3对NO的吸附,提高脱硝效率,使250℃时的脱硝效率达到95%左右,但在290℃以上,则会降低脱硝效率.为了抑制氨的氧化,发挥磁场对γ-Fe2O3脱硝的作用,适合在200~250℃低温区间内采用γ-Fe2O3催化剂进行SCR脱硝.     

Characteristic of emissive spectrum and the removal of nitric oxide in N2/O2/NO plasma with argon additive

Although the approach using non-thermal plasma (NTP) for deNOx has been studied for over 15 years,how to achieve higher removal efficiency with lower cost is still a barrier for its industrial application.In order to investigate the impact of the argon additive on the electron density,energy and the nitric oxide reduction process in plasma,the spectrum of the dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in a coaxial reactor was measured using the monochromater with high resolution and the comparative experiments for NO reduction were carried out simultaneously in the N2/O2/NO plasma stream with and without argon,respectively.The nitrogen molecular spectrum which is attributed to the energy level transition (C3πu→B3πg ) was compared in the wavelength range 300-480 nm and the electron density and temperature were determined by the calculation based on the relative intensities and Stark broadening width of spectral lines.The spectrum results indicated that the argon additive could enhance the intensity of emissive spectrum of plasma,thus the electron concentration as well as the energy was increased,and finally prompted the ionization rate to produce active N,O and O3.The results of NO reduction showed that the NO conversion efficiency increased in the range of 10%-30% with 5% addition of argon in stream comparing with the condition without argon additive.This study will play a positive role in the industrial application of dielectric barrier discharge deNOx reactor.     

非热等离子体结合CuO催化剂或Ca(OH)2吸收剂去除氮氧化物

采用非热等离子体结合催化或现场化学吸收的2种方法来去除气流中的NO_x.结果表明,非热等离子体结合催化,反应器内的CuO催化剂能有效地促进NO的还原反应;相对于催化还原NO而言,脉冲电晕作用下能有效地降低NO催化还原的反应温度.当催化剂为CuO,脉冲电压为18kV,反应温度为200℃,还原剂为1%CO及NO进口浓度为719 mg/m³条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.非热等离子体结合现场化学吸收方法,是一种在常温下从气流中净化氮氧化物的有效方法,NO的去除率远远高于反应器内没有吸收剂的情况.可以认为反应器内的Ca(OH)₂吸收剂通过与NO的氧化产物NO₂或NO₃的吸收反应促进了NO的去除.当反应器内有Ca(OH)₂吸收剂存在时,在脉冲电压为18kV,O₂浓度为2%及NO进口浓度为1 050 mg/m³条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.     

同步硝化反硝化（SND）过程污泥聚集状态对N2O释放的影响

为实现SND高效生物脱氮及N2O减量化释放的双重目标,采用气升环流生物反应器,在实现SND高效脱氮的基础上研究了污泥的聚集状态与N2O释放特征之间的关系.采用关键酶酶促反应速率法评估了不同聚集状态污泥的硝化/反硝化活性,在相关理论分析的基础上,进行了污泥聚集状态的优化选择.结果表明,SND体系内活性污泥的聚集状态不同会...     

应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系

以污水生物处理中一种常见的有益微型动物——宿轮虫为对象,进行了应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系的方法学研究.在对消毒剂次氯酸钠、甲醛及PreventolD7分别作用下的轮虫培养液中宿轮虫卵的孵化率和细菌密度变化趋势分析的基础上,建立了以确保较高的卵孵化率为前提、通过多次的抑菌培养轮虫、使培养液中细菌数量逐渐减少直至消亡、最终获得无菌轮虫的方法,即逐渐减菌方法.该方法与传统的一次性灭菌方法相比,克服了传统方法在轮虫存活率很低的条件下进行无菌化的缺点,因此,可降低对消毒条件的严格要求并提高了成功率.运用逐渐灭菌方法,为确保约50%的卵孵化率,分别使用40μL·L-1甲醛和4μL·L-1 PreventolD7进行48h抑菌培养,经过4次对宿轮虫的抑菌培养,均获得了无菌的宿轮虫种群.实验结果表明,无菌化宿轮虫种群的繁殖速度与未经无菌化的宿轮虫种群相当.     

气相组分对非热等离子体氧化气相元素汞的影响

采用线串齿轮-管式正极性流光放电反应器产生非热等离子体,考察了放电等离子体参与下烟气中各组分对元素汞氧化的影响.结果表明, CO2的加入和高浓度的NO导致作用于汞的活性粒子减少,从而阻碍元素汞的氧化.在等离子体作用下,部分CO2会与活性粒子作用而转化为CO.加入NO浓度为670mg/m3,电压升高到9.5kV时,仅有37%的元素汞被氧化. SO2的加入能促进元素汞的氧化,而且伴随SO2的氧化和白色HgSO4和Hg2SO4的生成,电压升高到10kV时,反应器出口基本检测不到元素汞. H2O和HCI也具有促进元素汞氧化的作用,这可能是因为氧化性· OH形成得到促进和反应气氛中存在C1-离子.部分元素汞和氧化态汞在荷电后会被等离子体反应器捕集,因此等离子体作用后,气相总汞浓度显著降低.     

Review on the NO removal from flue gas by oxidation methods

Due to the increasingly strict emission standards of NOx on various industries, many traditional flue gas treatment methods have been gradually improved. Except for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) methods to remove NOx from flue gas, theoxidation method is paying more attention to NOx removal now because of the potential to simultaneously remove multiple pollutants from flue gas. This paper summarizes the efficiency, reaction conditions, effect factors, and reaction mechanism of NO oxidation from the aspects of liquid-phase oxidation, gas-phase oxidation, plasma technology, and catalytic oxidation. The effects of free radicals and active components of catalysts on NO oxidation and the combination of various oxidation methods are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of different oxidation methods are summarized, and the suggestions for future research on NO oxidation are put forward at the end. The review on the NO removal by oxidation methods can provide new ideas for future studies on the NO removal from flue gas.     

基于遥感的北京市城市化发展与城市热岛效应变化关系研究

下垫面改变、大量人为热排放及城市区域本身的温室气体排放是导致城市热岛产生的主要原因,城市规模则决定了城市区域热岛效应的影响规模与强度,进而影响区域空气中污染物的扩散.利用1978年以来不同时段的遥感影像对北京城市用地、绿地、归一化植被指数、城市热岛区面积进行了监测,分析了北京市20余年来城市规模的变化及空间布局特征、城市绿地变化、城市热岛效应及其相关关系,旨在为城市合理布局,改善环境状况提供基本信息.结果表明,北京市20余年来城市热岛区面积增长明显,2000年以来四环内由于绿地面积增长、城市结构日趋合理,城市热岛有减缓的趋势.      

Characteristics of emissive spectrum and the removal of nitric oxide in N2/O2/NO plasma with argon additive

Although the approach using non-thermal plasma (NTP) for deNOx has been studied for over 15 years, how to achieve higher removal e ciency with lower cost is still a barrier for its industrial application. In order to investigate the impact of the argon additive on electron density, energy and nitric oxide reduction process in plasma, the spectrum of the dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in a coaxial reactor was measured using the monochromater with high resolution. The comparative experiments for NO reduction were carried out simultaneously in N2/O2/NO plasma stream with and without argon, respectively. The nitrogen molecular spectrum which is attributed to the energy level transition (C3 u ! B3 g) was compared in the wavelength range 300–480 nm and the electron density and temperature were determined based on the relative intensities and Stark broadening width of spectral lines. The spectrum results indicated that the argon additive could enhance the intensity of emissive spectrum of plasma, thus the electron concentration as well as the energy was increased, and finally prompted the ionization rate to produce active N, O and O3. The results of NO reduction showed that NO conversion e ciency increased in the range of 10%–30% with 5% addition of argon in stream comparing with the condition without argon additive. This study will play a positive role in the industrial application of dielectric barrier discharge deNOx reactor.     

O2+、O3同时脱硫脱硝实验

针对目前的烟气同时脱硫脱硝方法中存在的投资成本、运行费用、占地面积大等问题,研究强电离放电方法产生高浓度氧活性粒子(O2+、O3)注入烟气外排管道中,进行O2+、O3消除烟气中的NO, SO2转化成HNO3, H2SO4的等离子化学反应.描述强电离介质阻挡放电制取O2+、O3原理和烟道中O2+与H2O反应形成·OH及其氧化脱硫脱硝反应机制,分析回收酸液中的酸根离子种类及浓度.在O2+、O3与NO+SO2的物质的量比为5,烟气温度为65℃,H2O体积浓度为10%,停留时间为1s的实验条件下,脱硝脱硫率分别为97.4%,83.2%.     

废物管理活动中N_2O产生及排放研究进展

N_2O是一种重要的温室气体,并且对臭氧层有严重的破坏作用,因而在全球气候变化研究中受到广泛关注。随着人类活动的加剧,全球废物排放量呈上升趋势,且废物管理活动中产生的N_2O显著增加了全球温室气体的排放。废物管理活动中N_2O排放源主要包括废水处理、动物粪肥管理及生活垃圾处理处置系统。目前对废物管理活动中N_2O排放缺乏全面认识,文章综述了废物管理活动中N_2O排放机理及产生规律,指出应加强废物管理活动中N_2O减量化方向的研究。     

含灰含水烟气的脉冲放电脱除NO和NOx的研究

脉冲放电脱除ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ（ＮＯ＋ＮＯ２）的实验表明,烟气中的飞灰对ＮＯｘ具有２％－４％的吸附脱除作用,对脉冲放电又有抑制作用,使ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除具有降低的趋势,增加烟气含水量增强了飞灰粒子表面的化学吸附能力,使得在烟气含水量为１５％和单位体积烟气注入能量小于３Ｗ．ｈ／Ｎ,＾３时,ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除率提高５％－１５％。     

V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

微波等离子体技术及研究进展

从微波等离子体发生及应用研究两个方面综述微波等离子体技术及研究进展,先从微波激励气体放电工作原理及能量传递方式两方面介绍微波等离子体技术,在此基础上,结合实验结果及现有研究成果对微波等离子体的发射光谱特性及温度特性进行论述。在微波等离子体应用研究方面,归纳总结了电子回旋共振微波等离子体、表面波等离子体、谐振腔微波等离子体等几种典型的微波等离子体技术及其特点,结合在薄膜沉积、废气处理、微量元素检测等方面的应用研究现状,对微波等离子体技术存在的问题及发展趋势进行了分析和展望。     

Minimizing N_20 fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide(N_2O)gas.Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N_2O source from landfills, this study tested,during a four-year project,the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N_2O emissions.A full-scale sanitary landfill,a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb,at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites.The N_2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports.Specifically,the N_2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil.The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal.Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N_2O flux.