酸根离子对铝板电絮凝处理含镍废水的影响

电絮凝是去除废水中重金属离子的有效技术。本研究考察了常见酸根离子SO2-4、Cl-、NO-3和H2PO-2对铝板电絮凝除Ni2+的影响。结果表明,SO2-4、Cl-、NO-3均有利于Ni2+的去除,其中由于NO-3的还原可提高铝阳极溶解效率,因此,当其浓度从0.0186增至0.186 mol/L时,反应30 min后Ni2+去除率从77.9%升至99.8%。H2PO-2会降低絮体絮凝活性并钝化电极,从而显著降低Ni2+去除率,其浓度从0.0186 mol/L增至0.372 mol/L,反应60 min后Ni2+去除率从91.7%降至30.5%。另外,对各阴离子存在下溶解态铝絮体聚合度以及电解过程pH的检测,进一步揭示这4种离子对电絮凝影响机制。     

响应面分析法优化絮凝酵母SPSC01去除Cr(Ⅵ)

采用响应面法对絮凝酵母SPSC01去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的条件进行优化。根据Box-Behnken Design的中心组合实验设计原理,采用三因素三水平的响应面分析方法,优化絮凝酵母SPSC01对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。二阶模型的方差分析表明,预测响应值和实际值相符合,针对初始浓度为50 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)废水,在絮凝酵母SPSC01用量为10.89 g/L干重、温度为40℃、初始pH为2时的去除条件最优,二阶模型分析预测絮凝酵母SPSC01在4 h时对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可达95.47%,在此条件下,实测Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达93.06%,说明利用响应面法优化絮凝酵母SPSC01对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除条件是可行的。     

电絮凝-膜分离反应器还原-絮凝-超滤一体化处理六价铬废水

采用电絮凝-膜分离反应器(electrocoagulation membrane reactor,ECMR)对含铬废水进行研究。讨论了电化学参数和水质条件对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响,对比了ECMR和EC-UF抑制膜污染的作用机制。结果表明,在电流密度J=55 A·m~(-2)、初始浓度C(Cr~(6+))=40 mg·L~(-1)、初始pH=3、电解时间60 min、水力停留时间20 min条件下,ECMR出水总Cr去除率达到99.2%,废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到99.4%。同时发现ECMR膜通量优于EC-UF,通量高出近15%,ECMR装置不但能够充分利用电絮凝中的电场和气浮作用,进一步强化减缓膜污染,而且可以使装置系统更加紧凑,节省占地空间。     

电絮凝同步去除水中铜(Ⅱ)和铬(Ⅵ)复合污染物的影响因素及其作用机理

铜(Cu(Ⅱ))和铬(Cr(Ⅵ))是水和废水中一类重要的重金属复合污染物。电絮凝(electrocoagulation,EC)是目前很有效的重金属深度处理技术,因此,采用电絮凝静态反应器对水中Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的复合污染物的同步去除进行研究。在单极式连接条件下,考察电极材料、电流密度、初始pH、极板间距和电导率等因素对电絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,与铁电极相比,铝电极显示出更好的Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)同步去除效果。因此,采用铝电极进行因素筛选实验,筛选出的实验条件为:Cu(Ⅱ)的进水浓度为18.73~20.08 mg·L~(-1),Cr(Ⅵ)的进水浓度为12.98~14.35 mg·L~(-1),在初始pH为3~6,电流密度为11.57 A·m~(-2),极板间距为1 cm,电导率在899~2 000μS·cm~(-1)的范围内。去除结果表明,总铬(TCr)、Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率均在94%以上,出水Cu(Ⅱ)、TCr和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度分别为0.081.24、0.491.21和0.120.49 mg·L~(-1),出水pH在6~9之间,可以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-7996)要求。     

铝铁电极联用电絮凝法处理Cu-EDTA络合废水

采用电絮凝法处理Cu-EDTA模拟废水,研究电极组合方式、初始pH值和氯化钠浓度3个因素对化学需氧量(COD)和Cu去除效果的影响。实验研究发现,当电极组合方式为2个铝阳极和2个铁阴极,起始pH值为3,氯化钠浓度为0.5 g/L,换极周期为40 min,反应时间为80 min时,COD去除率达到78.7%,Cu离子去除率达到99.9%。通过实验研究确定EDTA的去除机制主要是:酸性条件下的次氯酸氧化作用,碱性条件下的氢氧化物絮凝沉淀作用及单核态铝/铁与多核态铝/铁电荷中和作用,Cu的去除机制主要是氢氧化物的絮凝沉淀作用和铁电极的电沉积作用。     

电絮凝处理牛仔布印染废水

用铁分别作为电絮凝反应系统的阴极和阳极,研究电絮凝法对牛仔布印染废水的处理效果。考察了电极电压、反应时间和pH等因素对电絮凝法去除实验所用废水中COD和色度效果的影响。结果表明,电极电压和反应时间是主要的影响因素,pH次之。电极电压24 V,反应时间35 min,pH为7.4时,脱色率可达99%,COD去除率在70%左右,处理效果最佳。因此,电絮凝法可以作为印染废水的预处理工艺,有效降低废水COD和色度。     

电絮凝法去除水中四环素的效能及机理

为了探讨电絮凝法去除水中四环素的效能及机理,分别研究了电极材料、电流强度、电导率和四环素初始浓度等参数对电絮凝去除四环素的影响;并通过氧化性能评估实验、UV-vis光谱分析、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法探究电絮凝去除四环素的性能。结果表明:使用铁电极(面积300 mm×80 mm,厚2 mm),对初始浓度0.05 mmol·L-1的四环素模拟废水进行处理,在电流强度为0.3 A、电导率为1 000μS·cm-1、电解15 min时,四环素和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率分别可达99.6%和79.8%,并且约41.9%的四环素通过氧化降解作用从水中被去除。使用铁电极电絮凝技术能够快速高效地去除四环素,具有高氧化率、低成本的特点。     

纳滤处理含Cr(VI)废水的试验研究

采用纳滤对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行试验研究,讨论了初始浓度、pH、浓差极化、共存离子对处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,NF90膜对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水有良好的处理效果,去除率超过了98%,出水Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于0.5 mg/L,可以达标排放或回用于镀件漂洗.     

电脱盐废水电絮凝破乳分离机制及工艺优化

为降低电脱盐废水污染物含量并去除顽固有机物,采用Fe和Al电极对电脱盐废水进行电絮凝预处理,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)和共存离子检测等方法对电絮凝破乳分离机制进行分析,利用响应曲面方法 (RSM)对电絮凝处理工艺进行优化。结果表明,电絮凝处理电脱盐废水15 min后,几乎检测不到碳数>11的有机物;反应20 min后,电脱盐废水在266 nm处紫外特征吸收值降低了55%,而电脱盐废水的2个特征荧光峰并未明显改变;反应20～25 min时,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-的去除率达到最高,但Cl-浓度随后又有所升高,显示出体系中发生了氧化还原反应;采用Fe电极处理电脱盐废水时,化学需氧量(COD)去除率和总油去除率均与反应时间、电流密度符合二次回归模型,电流密度对污染物去除率的影响更为显著;电絮凝处理电脱盐废水的最优反应条件为电流密度4.2 mA·cm^-2、反应时间25.4 min,此时COD去除率与总油去除率的模型预测值分别为80....     

表面改性壳聚糖纳米铁球去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)

通过表氯醇(ECH)、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)和戊二醛(GLA)对壳聚糖-纳米铁(chitosan nanoscale zerovalent iron,CS-NZVI)进行表面改性,提高了其机械强度。研究在不同的初始pH值、反应温度、NZVI投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度条件下,改性前与后的CS-NZVI球对去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果和动力学的影响。结果表明:4种CS-NZVI球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率和Kobs与NZVI投加量和反应温度成正比,与初始pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度成反比。其中GLA-CS-NZVI球对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果最好。4种CS-NZVI球去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机理为:在前0.5 min内,物理吸附作用将Cr(Ⅵ)吸附在球表面并有部分被还原为Cr(Ⅲ),然后化学还原作用起主导作用。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.