西北五省(区)入境旅游合作路径研究——基于丝绸之路文化遗产廊道北大核心

丝绸之路跨国联合申遗成功对我国入境旅游区域合作意义重大。从时间和空间两个维度分析2000—2019年西北五省(区)入境旅游市场现状,探讨其区域合作路径。结果表明:①西北五省(区)中各省(区)的入境旅游发展极不均衡,客流分散;整体入境旅游的客源和客流稳定,更具竞争优势。②西北五省(区)整体入境旅游处于起步阶段,适合采取“增长极”和“点—轴”相结合的路径。③当入境旅游迈入成长阶段时,高级别“增长极”采用“梯度网络”路径不断开拓和外延市场,低级别“增长极”则运用“点—轴”路径辐射带动旅游经济发展。     

我国入境旅游市场时空演变及其特征研究——基于国际对比的视角

改革开放以来,我国入境旅游业取得了令人瞩目的成绩,对发展我国旅游业、增加国家外汇储备和提升国家对外形象等起到了重要的作用。在全球国际旅游市场表现良好和亚洲一些重要旅游目的地快速增长的背景下,以入境旅游人次和国际旅游收入两大指标为基础,从时间轴和空间轴两大维度对包括中国在内的全球10大旅游目的地的入境旅游市场时空演化状况进行了对比,分析出中国入境旅游市场规模仍处于世界前列,旅游市场变动强度较小,客源市场规模差异合理和客源市场集中程度相对均衡等特征。     

中国两岸三地入境旅游发展的比较研究

通过对中国大陆、香港和台湾三地入境旅游发展的历史、旅游资源的特色、入境旅游发展的政策环境及2001—2008年三地入境旅游发展的业绩指标和客源市场的对比分析可知:香港、台湾是中国大陆入境旅游的重要客源市场,两地游客总数占大陆入境旅游总数的63.4%;香港回归后,大陆放宽居民赴港旅游的政策使大陆游客迅速占据香港入境客源市场的半壁江山;而随着两岸政治关系的缓和,大陆将成为台湾入境旅游的重要客源市场。三地的旅游合作和共赢的途径是:将三地作为整体推广针对远程外国入境游客的"一程多站"旅游模式,使每个进入其中一地的游客都成为其他两地的中转客源,从而使各方受益。由于其地缘邻近、文化同源、旅游资源的互补性强,两岸三地必将相互成为主要的客源市场。     

三亚入境旅游客源市场结构及演化特征研究

分析入境客源市场结构及其演化特征,可为目的地旅游国际化水平提升提供研究支撑。基于2007—2016年三亚入境旅游客源市场数据,对三亚21个入境客源市场的地理集中度、亲景度、市场竞争态进行了分析。结果表明:三亚市近十年来入境旅游客源市场逐渐趋于分散,结构较稳定,多元化竞争格局逐步形成;主要入境旅游客源市场亲景度差异明显,但年际变化不大;洲内客源市场亲景度总体较稳定,洲际市场呈现平稳向好态势;入境客源市场竞争态以瘦狗市场和幼童市场为主,且出现明显的交替现象。在此基础上,进行三亚入境客源市场亲景度和市场竞争态的关联分析,发现两者相关性不强,最后就三亚入境旅游客源市场结构优化相关问题进行了探讨。     

辽宁省入境旅游客源市场结构的SSM分析

客源市场结构变化是旅游目的地发展战略制定的主要影响因素.运用区域经济分析中广泛采用的偏离—份额分析法(SSM),以相关入境旅游统计数据为依据,选取辽宁省主要海外客源国(地区)为样本,考察了辽宁省旅游市场的发展态势和结构状况,有针对性地提出了辽宁省国际旅游市场进一步拓展的建议.     

晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场结构对比分析——基于SSM方法

基于SSM方法,选取2005—2010年入境旅游相关数据,对晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场发展态势和结构状况进行对比分析。结果表明,两省入境旅游总体发展速度都高于全国平均水平,且市场结构具有向集中化与多元化并存发展的相似性;两者相比,陕西省入境游客增长总量大于山西省,客源市场结构也更为合理,而山西省入境旅游客源市场相对增长率要大于陕西省,更具市场发展潜力。在此基础上,有针对性地提出进一步拓展晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场的相关建议。     

安徽省入境旅游客源市场结构偏移—份额分析

采用偏移—份额分析方法,以安徽省入境旅游统计数据为样本,分析了客源市场的变化及其类型。研究结果显示,网络增长表明相对于基准旅游目的地区域,安徽省入境旅游业绩不佳;结构分量显示基准目的地对韩国、澳大利亚等10个客源地具有特殊的吸引力;竞争分量反映安徽省在基准目的地中具有较强竞争力,尤其是韩国和香港特区等8个客源市场;依据竞争分量和区位分量,将境外客源地划分为4种类型,并制定了相应的市场营销战略。     

我国滨海地区入境旅游流空间结构研究

以我国滨海11个省（市）1995--2011年17年间入境旅游资料为基础，从旅游流流量、旅游流客源地空间结构和旅游流目的地空间结构方面研究入境旅游流空间结构。结果显示，滨海省（市）入境旅游流流量一直呈现持续增长态势；滨海省（市）入境旅游外国客源市场的地理集中指数处于31—34．5之间，总体趋势减小；入境游客密度指数说明滨海地区入境旅游流目的地呈现明显的非均衡态势，整体上是从中心向两翼递减的空间格局。     

黑龙江省入境旅游客源市场结构演变分析

运用转移—份额分析法(SSM)对2000-2009年黑龙江省入境旅游外国客源市场结构演变进行了分析.结果表明:①2000-2005年黑龙江省竞争力和增长率均较小,2005-2009年竞争力有所增强,但结构优势有所下降.②全省入境旅游客源市场结构在不断变化,将13个主要客源国分为兴旺市场、崛起市场、成熟市场和停滞市场,并提出相应的市场营销建议.     

西藏入境旅游市场消费结构演化研究

把握入境旅游者的消费行为特征和消费结构特征,对目前西藏旅游业和区域经济实现可持续发展具有重要意义.以1997-2011年《中国旅游统计年鉴》和中国入境旅游者抽样调查资料为基础,对西藏入境旅游市场结构和消费结构演化特征进行分析,得出入境旅游消费结构不合理等相关结论,并在此基础上提出西藏入境旅游市场开发建议:加强旅游客源市场开发,及时调整旅游消费结构.     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。