农药厂周边有机磷农药在生物体中残留的检测方法研究

测定南京某农药厂附近大米、蔬菜及肉类中11种有机磷农药含量，通过使用气相色谱/质谱联用的方法，建立GC／MS定性定量分析方法，检出限达到0．05μg／kg（肉类）和0．1μg／kg（大米和蔬菜），回收率均符合测定要求。环境样品监测结果显示，大米和蔬菜中有机磷农药的含量高于肉类中的含量，说明在大米和蔬菜表面残留的农药量要高于进入生物体体内的含量。南京蔬菜样品中有机磷农药高于常州蔬菜样品，说明农药厂对蔬菜表面残留农药量有影响。不同的有机磷农药在不同的介质中，检出情况不一样，说明不同的环境介质对有机磷农药的保留水平不一样。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定空气中苯胺

本文采用带有热离子检测器的弹性石英毛细管柱做为分离柱,分离效率高,多种苯系物不干扰测定。空气中微量的苯胺用苯富集后直接进行色谱测定。本方法在0.5μg/ml—1000.0μg/ml范围内呈线性,相对标准偏差<0.8％,检出限为4.5×10(-5)μg。采样14.5L时,最低检测浓度为0.012mg/m~3。     

大体积进样-气相色谱法测定水中多种痕量有机磷农药

建立了大体积进样气相色谱-火焰光度法检测水中多种痕量有机磷农药的方法.重点研究了程序升温汽化(PTV)进样条件的选择,通过对分流排空量、吹扫时间、PIV起始温度等PTV参数的选择,优化了测试条件,提高了检测灵敏度.水中9种有机磷农药的线性良好,10ml水样中三乙基偶磷硫酯的检出限为0.01μg/L,硫磷嗪、致螟磷、甲拌磷、乐果、乙拌磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和氨磺磷的检出限可达0.001μg/L.水中添加多种有机磷农药准确度精密度试验,平均回收率为85.8%～108%,相对标准差在3.3%～11.4%之间.与常规方法相比,该方法前处理简单快速、分析成本低.灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合地表水检测质量的要求,适用于水环境中多种农药残留的快速检测.     

恶臭空气中有机硫化物的气相色谱测定

本文采用气相色谱法测定空气中PPm级有机硫化物。使用火焰光度(FPD)检测器,色谱柱材料为内径3mm,长3m玻璃柱,固定相为60—80目DMCS 201红色载体涂渍25％ββ′—氧二丙腈。它能分离H_2S等七个组分。SO_2的保留时间与(CH_3)_2S很接近,但当SO_2:(CH_3)_2S=6:1以下时,SO_2不干扰(CH_3)_2S的测定。直接进样1ml其检出限为:CS_2:0.5×10_(-3)μg(CH_3)_2S 1×10~(-3)μg;CH_2SH:2×10~(-3)μg(C_2H_5)_2S1×10~(-3)μg;C_2H_5SH:2×10~(-3)μg(CH_3)_2S_21×10~(-3)μg:测定的变异系数小于10％,相关系数在0.99以上,回收率结果令人满意。     

广西北部湾蔬菜种植基地土壤中代森锌类农药残留调查

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱法,对南宁、北海、钦州和防城港等4个北部湾区域城市蔬菜种植基地60份土壤样品中的代森锌类农药残留进行检测。结果表明,南宁市的15份土壤样品均未检出代森锌类农药残留;北海市有5份土壤样品检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为33.3%,其质量比范围为0.005 2 mg/kg~0.034 6 mg/kg;钦州和防城港2市30份土壤样品均检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为100%,其质量比范围为0.004 9 mg/kg~0.674 mg/kg。     

气相色谱-火焰光度法测定土壤中有机磷农药残留

土壤样品用正己烷-丙酮(体积比为1∶1)混合溶液提取,配合硅胶小柱净化,用乙酸乙酯洗脱,再用气相色谱-火焰光度法测定待测液中14种有机磷农药残留,方法在0.100 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,当取样量为10 g时,方法检出限为1.3μg/kg~2.3μg/kg。用该方法测定有机磷的有证标准溶液,结果均在保证值范围内,RSD为2.2%~6.7%。实际土壤样品的13种有机磷农药加标回收率为59.2%~125%(敌百虫除外),敌百虫回收率为0,说明目标物在测定过程中被降解,该方法不适用于敌百虫的测定。     

串联四极杆质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)测定土壤中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了用加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化、气相色谱/串联四极杆质谱多反应监测、同时测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯的方法.加标浓度在3.3μg/kg时的平均回收率在79.6%～93.2%之间,相对标准偏差在2.9%～13.0%之间,定量限在0.01～0.51μg/kg之间.在检测土壤样品中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留方面,Gc-QqQ-MS/MS相对于气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)和GC-MS的选择离子检测(SIM)模式具有非常明显的优势,尤其是在低浓度水平的定性和定量方面.     

气相色谱法测定水和废水中的溴丙磷

试验了水和废水中溴丙磷的气相色谱分析法。采用二氯甲烷萃取,HP-110m×530μm×2 65μm大口径毛细管柱分离,火焰光度检测器(FPD)检测,得到了良好的分离效果。检出限可达0 0007mg/L(萃取10倍),相对标准差为2 6%。     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威

采用二氯甲烷萃取水样，气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水中有机磷农药和甲萘威。试验表明：方法在20．0μg/L ～1000μg/L范围内，各目标化合物线性良好；方法检出限为0．004μg/L～0．01μg/L；对实际水样进行3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验，回收率在71．8％～94．5％之间，RSD为3．7％～8．5％，满足水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威的测定要求。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.