磁性OMS-2/SBR耦合处理活性染料X-3B废水

为了深度处理印染废水,将基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化法与序批式活性污泥法(SBR)相耦合;采用磁性氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)作为活化过硫酸氢钾(PMS)的催化剂,结果表明:当X-3B初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)时,PMS=0.25 g·L~(-1)、磁性OMS-2=0.25 g·L~(-1),4 h之内去除率可达93.66%。磁性OMS-2/PMS的浓度对SBR系统处理效果影响明显,低浓度磁性OMS-2/PMS(低于0.5 g·L~(-1))对SBR系统处理效果具有促进作用,高浓度OMS-2/PMS(大于或等于0.5g·L~(-1))则会抑制SBR系统处理效果;此外,低浓度磁性OMS-2/PMS能提升SBR系统的缓冲能力。     

Biostyr曝气生物滤池的沿程微生物多样性

采用高通量测序Illumina MiSeq方法对Biostyr曝气生物滤池(BAF)沿程微生物多样性进行研究,分析了滤池内不同高度样品中菌群类别、群落组成及不同样品间物种差异及进化关系等;同时测定各高度样品的COD、NH_4~+-N和磷变化规律,与微生物特性进行了对应性分析。结果表明,Biostyr曝气生物滤池优势菌群主要为拟杆菌、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门,滤池沿程微生物的变化主要表现在数量上的变化,而群落结构的变化不明显,这是沿程理化条件变化引发微生物在空间上发生变化的结果。     

黑土微生物群落对副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)QD15-1修复邻苯二甲酸二甲酯污染土壤的响应

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序法探究黑土微生物群落对副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)QD15-1修复邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)污染土壤的响应。结果表明,副球菌属QD15-1在7d内可快速有效降解土壤中的DMP,平均降解率为94.7%,并能保持稳定;Shannon、Sobs指数显示,土壤中微生物多样性、丰富性受到DMP的影响;土壤中的优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria),占总菌门数的50%以上;鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)是第一优势菌属,第二优势菌属为类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)。     

单室无膜微生物电解池对厕所废水的脱氮处理

微生物电解池(MEC)能有效应用于污水处理。以尿液为主的厕所废水具有C/N低、含氮量高的特点,采用单室无膜MEC以间歇进水方式处理宜兴某景区厕所废水,研究了不同溶解氧、外加电压下的脱氮效果。实验结果表明,在控制较低溶解氧(DO1 mg·L~(-1))条件下,外加电压为0.8 V时的脱氮效果最好,氨氮去除率为99.56%,总氮去除率为70.51%,NO_2~--N最大累积量为46.94 mg·L~(-1),浊度去除率为96.76%。菌群高通量分析结果显示,MEC电解池阳极优势菌群为Thauera、Phycisphaera和Nitrospiral等,其相对丰度分别为28.7%、20.8%、16.2%,其中Thauera是一种电活性菌群具有较高电化学活性的微生物;阴极优势菌群为Nitrosomonas和Thermomonas等,其相对丰度分别为18.6%和28.4%。单室无膜MEC脱氮工艺研究可为厕所废水处理提供技术参考。     

印染废水接触氧化池中悬浮污泥和生物膜的微生物群落比较分析

为了揭示接触氧化池中悬浮污泥和生物膜菌群群落结构的异同,提取基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与454高通量测序技术对两者菌群测序并进行了操作单元(OTU)聚类分析、多样性分析和分类学分析。结果表明,悬浮污泥和生物膜菌群的高通量测序分析分别得到优化序列8 256条和10 592条,测序覆盖深度都在80%左右,经过97%相似度归并后分别得到570个OTUs和694个OTUs,菌群多样性分析显示悬浮污泥内菌群的丰度和多样性都低于生物膜,悬浮污泥有356个属的细菌构成,而生物膜内则有387个,都归属于21个门。悬浮污泥和生物膜内不仅存在共有菌种,也含有各自的特定菌种,说明不同的微环境使其有了相对应的优势群落。通过这种差异的比较分析,更能准确地了解接触氧化池中微生物的群落组成情况,有利于分析其与系统功能的关系。     

煤化工废水生化处理系统活性污泥膨胀控制及菌群迁移

针对煤化工废水生化处理系统存在的活性污泥丝状菌膨胀问题,根据微生物营养学原理,利用活性污泥调理剂对污泥膨胀进行控制和修复,并对修复前后的活性污泥细菌菌群进行高通量测序,研究了菌群的迁移变化途径。研究结果表明,修复后的煤化工废水生化处理系统中活性污泥的SVI值明显下降,维持在85 m L·g-1左右,系统对废水中有机污染物的降解能力有所提升,COD去除率由原来的93%左右提高到96%以上。细菌菌群种类、数量和丰度都有明显改善。     

耐盐复合菌剂强化生物工艺处理高盐废水的快速启动

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化分离出2株耐盐高效菌:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)O1和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y5制备复合菌剂,用于高盐生活污水生物处理工艺快速启动研究。研究表明,在SBR系统中连续投加复合菌剂(制备的配比为1∶1),在30 d完成快速启动(TOC去除率85%),并且在整个启动过程中,TOC的去除率都能够稳定保持在80%左右,而负载复合菌剂填料的投入可获得更稳定的出水水质。通过高通量测序与OTU分类,高盐废水的配入使得活性污泥微生物群落结构发生显著改变,并且在工艺启动后,所投加的耐盐高效菌O1和Y5在活性污泥微生物总量中所占比例由1.31%升高至6.13%,说明O1和Y5能够在小试SBR中长期存留,并逐渐成为优势种属之一。     

不同供氧策略和氨氮浓度下SBR中微生物群落的演变

以供氧策略和进水氨氮浓度为控制因素,应用PCR-DGGE技术并结合系统处理效果研究SBR内活性污泥微生物群落结构的演替情况。结果表明,在一定范围内,进水氨氮浓度越小越有利于COD和氨氮的去除,同时污泥性状主要受供氧时间的影响,运行前40 d,MLSS值均在4 000 mg·L~(-1)以上波动。微生物群落结构受供氧的影响演替剧烈,多样性指数在时间上呈先增后减的变化趋势,曝停比为4 h∶2 h的间歇曝气B方案下菌种最丰富,多样性指数达1.092、1.079。切胶测序结果显示,SBR系统内微生物菌种大部分为未培养菌种,其中酸杆菌属和绿弯菌属占据优势地位,这些菌种在污水生物处理中对污泥性能和系统的运行有重要的影响。     

高盐废水MFCs不同阴极电子受体产电及微生物群落分析

为探查不同电子受体产电性能及对阳极微生物群落的影响,研究了3种电子受体(铁氰化钾、曝气阴极、过硫酸钾),构建了双室榨菜废水微生物燃料电池系统(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),实现了污水处理和能量回收的双重目的,探讨了不同电子受体(铁氰化钾、曝气阴极、过硫酸钾)对榨菜废水MFCs产电性能及阳极微生物群落的影响。结果表明:在产电性能方面,当过硫酸钾作为阴极电子受体时,电池输出电压、库仑效率、功率密度均优于另外2种常用阴极电子受体(铁氰化钾和氧气);在500Ω的外接电阻间歇运行的条件下,其输出电压、库仑效率、功率密度分别为802 mV、(33±1.6)%、697 mW·m~(-2)。阳极生物16S rRNA基因测序分析表明,水解发酵菌为榨菜废水微生物燃料电池阳极核心菌群,铁氰化钾、氧气和过硫酸钾MFCs阳极微生物菌群相对丰度分别为64.3%、63.6%和75.51%,包括Lentimicrobium、Synergistaceae、Sphaerochaeta、Anaerolineaceae、Draconibacteriacea菌属。阴极电子受体不同的MFCs的阳极微生物群落核心菌群类似,但是丰度有所不同。势差较大的电子受体(过硫酸钾)微生物群落多样性和丰富度较高,产电和污染物去除效果较好。     

贫营养条件下2种MBR污泥微生物的菌群对比

为了揭示贫营养环境下MBR污泥微生物群落结构的演替和菌群变化的异同,取洗浴再生水、工业再生水MBR的污泥进行周期培养,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术获得了DNA指纹图谱并建立系统发育树。研究表明,微生物群落结构在贫营养条件下演替明显,洗浴水污泥微生物形成新的优势菌群(Uncultured Pseudomonas)而工业水只维持了原有的部分菌群(Uncultured Sphaerotilus)。2种污泥培养过程中种群多样性变化突出且差异显著。同时洗浴水污泥菌群相似性在培养第8天时发生突变而工业水总体变化平缓。克隆测序表明2种MBR污泥中既有与贫营养环境适生的共性种属又有与各自来源相对应的特性种属。菌群特异性与废水来源紧密相关,是造成2种污泥对贫营养环境适应能力不同的根本原因。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.