绍兴市柯桥区工业园区挥发性有机物污染特征研究

为更好地管控和治理绍兴市柯桥区工业园区的挥发性有机物(VOCs),利用柯桥区现有的两工业园区VOCs监测站点(园区1站、园区2站)2019年3月至2020年2月的监测数据分析柯桥区工业园区VOCs污染特征并进行溯源.结果表明:园区1站每月VOCs质量浓度平均值为125μg/m3,园区2站为137μg/m3,都呈现出3月...     

美国制度控制在污染地块风险管控中的应用及对中国的启示

系统介绍了美国污染地块风险管控的重要方法——制度控制,并结合中国污染地块风险管控相对薄弱的实际情况,分析了制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控应用中的适用性,提出了制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控中的应用建议。研究认为,制度控制在中国污染地块风险管控中的应用任重而道远,需要在法律体系、实施主体、公众参与和跟踪评价等方面加强建设。     

上海市夏季臭氧生成与其前体物控制模拟研究

基于WRF-CMAQ模型,结合长三角地区大气污染源排放清单,设计9组预测情景,模拟分析上海市2012年7月臭氧生成与臭氧前体物(NOX、挥发性有机物(VOCs))排放之间的变化关系。结果表明:(1)上海城区臭氧生成属VOCs控制型,控制VOCs的排放可降低臭氧浓度。(2)减少臭氧前体物排放对日间高浓度臭氧有较好的控制效果,夜间则相反。(3)徐汇、静安站点控制VOCs排放对降低臭氧浓度效果较显著,当VOCs削减比例为75%时,两个站点的臭氧浓度超标小时数分别下降了45.5%以上、50.0%以上。青浦淀山湖及浦东川沙站点控制NOX排放对降低臭氧浓度效果较好,当NOX削减比例为75%时,两个站点的臭氧1h浓度超标小时数分别降低75.0%、100.0%。(4)在最大控制力度(即NOX和VOCs均削减75%)下,徐汇、静安、青浦淀山湖、浦东川沙站点的臭氧1h浓度超标小时数也从基准情景的11、8、16、6h下降至0、3、4、0h。     

中山市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为深入了解中山市挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源及对臭氧的影响，基于2021年1—12月VOCs在线监测数据，对大气VOCs体积分数、组分特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源情况进行了研究。结果表明：中山市大气VOCs体积分数日均值为2.61×10^-9～1.14×10^-7,年均值为2.18×10^-8,其中，烷烃是占比最大的组分，占60.0%,其次是芳香烃和烯烃，分别占25.9%和9.3%。除乙烯外，臭氧污染日前十物种体积分数较非污染日上升6%～49%。中山市OFP平均值为228.43μg/m³,其中，芳香烃和烯烃是贡献率较高的组分，间/对二甲苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯和异戊二烯等是关键活性物种。VOCs主要来源有机动车排放源、油气挥发源、工业源、燃烧源、溶剂使用源、天然源。溶剂使用源和工业源是OFP贡献率最高的污染源，贡献率分别为25.5%和24.0%,燃烧源、油气挥发源、天然源和机动车排放源贡献率分别为14.1%、13.3%、11.6%和11.5%。     

山西省典型炼焦企业化产工段挥发性有机物排放特征及臭氧生成潜势

选取山西省某典型焦化企业化产工段的冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序,采样监测其挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征,并运用等效丙烯浓度法和最大增量反应活性(MIR)法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。结果表明:(1)冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序共检测出32种VOCs,各工序的总VOCs分别为64 809.50、4 933.80、4 610.20、6 346.90μg/m~3。(2)4个工序检出的VOCs物种均以芳香烃和卤代烃为主,其中芳香烃以苯、甲苯、二甲苯为主,卤代烃以1,2-二氯乙烷为主。(3)芳香烃为4个工序中化学反应活性最大的污染物质,且各工序中1,2,4-三甲苯和1,3,5-三甲苯均有较高的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。(4)在排放浓度和臭氧生成潜势方面,冷鼓工序的贡献均为最大,是化产工段需要进行VOCs治理的重点工序。     

基于观测数据的成都市城区臭氧敏感性研究及减排策略

近年来成都市臭氧(O₃)污染频发，O₃污染问题日益突出。采用零维大气盒子(F0AM)模型结合经验动力学模拟方法(EKMA)和相对增量反应活性(RIR)法对成都市2019年8月典型污染时段O₃生成进行模拟，并研究成都市O₃生成敏感性，由此进一步分析O₃污染控制策略。结果表明，模拟日内O₃光化学反应过程中，芳香烃减少的比例最大(81.36%),其次为烯烃和炔烃，3者对于O₃光化学反应过程有重要作用；EKMA曲线显示成都市城区O₃生成处于挥发性有机物(VOCs)控制区；RIR结果显示，人为源VOCs(AVOCs)对成都市城区O₃生成最为敏感，其次是植物源VOCs(BVOCs)和CO,而氮氧化物(NO_x)为负敏感性，在AVOCs中，芳香烃和烯烃对成都市城区O₃生成最为敏感，应加强芳香烃和烯烃相关排放源的管控；以O₃日最大小时浓度达到《...     

成都市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染及其对二次有机气溶胶生成的贡献

于2014年7月8日至8月13日在成都市城区和工业区选取两个点位开展挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品采集工作,分析结果显示,成都市夏季城区大气中VOCs质量浓度在34.1~458.8μg/m3,平均值为(137.3±91.8)μg/m3;工业区大气中VOCs质量浓度在26.7~474.9μg/m3,平均值为(135.9±103.5)μg/m3。早高峰时段(7:00~10:00)两个点位VOCs的浓度水平均高于其他时段,说明VOCs浓度受机动车排放的影响较为明显。用·OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势评估VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果显示,芳香烃和烯烃是影响大气化学反应活性的关键组分。城区和工业区的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势分别为4.859、4.559μg/m3,芳香烃不仅是臭氧生成潜势的关键活性组分,同时也是SOA的重要前体物。     

基于二次有机气溶胶和臭氧生成潜势的河北挥发性有机物优控物种研究

为研究河北大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对臭氧(O₃)及二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成的影响，利用2021年4—10月河北11个地市VOCs的监测数据，对河北VOCs污染特征及其关键活性组分进行分析研究。结果表明，观测期间河北VOCs平均体积分数为36.16×10^-9,低碳的醛酮类和低碳的烷烃是河北VOCs的主要构成物种。VOCs高值区主要集中在河北中南部沧州、衡水、邯郸、石家庄等地，北部城市秦皇岛、张家口VOCs浓度较低。监测期间，河北O₃生成潜势(OFP)为259.67μg/m³,SOA生成潜势为0.61μg/m³,其中衡水OFP最高，达302.96μg/m³,石家庄SOA生成潜势最高，达0.92μg/m³。甲苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯对OFP及SOA生成潜势的贡献均较大，是O₃和大气颗粒物协同控制的优控VOCs物种。     

沈阳市固定燃烧源挥发性有机化合物2007年排放清单研究

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)与.OH的反应是对流层臭氧形成的重要化学过程,是导致城市光化学烟雾的根本原因。为建立沈阳市固定燃烧源VOCs排放清单,选取了电力热力行业、钢铁行业和秸秆燃烧3个主要排放源进行研究。结果表明:(1)2007年,沈阳市固定燃烧源VOCs排放总量为8 544.539 t,其中排放量最大的是秸秆燃烧,为6 317.115 t;其次是电力热力行业,为2 225.780 t;最小的是钢铁行业,为1.644 t。(2)沈阳市各区县固定燃烧源VOCs排放量由大到小排序依次为新民市、法库县、东陵区、康平县、辽中县、于洪区、苏家屯区、大东区、沈北新区、铁西区、沈河区、皇姑区、和平区;VOCs排放强度由大到小排序依次为大东区、沈河区、铁西区、东陵区、皇姑区、和平区、于洪区、苏家屯区、法库县、康平县、辽中县、沈北新区、新民市。     

青岛市重点工业行业挥发性有机物对二次污染物生成的贡献及健康风险研究

对青岛市重点工业行业橡胶制造业、塑料制造业、化学品制造业、涂料制造业、石油加工业、金属制品业、制鞋业、包装印刷业、铁路船舶制造业、汽车制造业的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放浓度开展了调研,探讨了其对二次污染物O3和二次有机气溶胶生成的贡献,并评价了非致癌风险。结果表明,青岛市各重点工业行业排放VOCs浓度总体较低,石油加工业和化学品制造业VOCs排放浓度占比较大,而金属制品业、铁路船舶制造业、汽车制造业等行业排放的废气VOCs对二次污染物生成的贡献较高。化学品制造业、包装印刷业和汽车制造业排放的废气VOCs的非致癌风险总和略超过了风险阈值1,主要是由芳香烃类引起的,普通人群不会直接接触工业行业排放的废气,基本处于安全水平,一线工人可能存在一定潜在危害,应加强防护。对工业企业进行VOCs治理,除控制排放总量外,更应该针对行业类型、VOCs来源及组分进行有的放矢的管控。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.