杀虫双环境影响和降解研究

杀虫双是由我国自行开发的沙蚕毒系的一个农药新品种,本研究旨在提供该农药对环境的影响及其降解特性的资料,为杀虫双的环境安全性评价、合理使用和出口创汇注册提供科学依据,完成了下述各项内容的研究: 1.环境样品(土壤、水和生物)的测试方法研究,以建立高灵敏度的仪器分析技术,解决杀虫双环境样品的痕量检测方法。 2.杀虫双在农作物(水稻)和土壤中的残留水平和消解动态研究,并获得南北两地两年的残留数据和杀虫双在作物和土壤中消失动态资料。 3.杀虫双在土壤中的降解特性和淋溶动态研究,主要完成杀虫双在土壤中的降解动力学特性(包括降解半衰期)、环境因素(温度等)对杀虫双降解过程的影响以及杀虫双在土壤中淋溶速率及对地下水可能影响的研究。 4.杀虫双在模拟水生和陆-水生态系统中的分配特性研究,主要完成~(36)S-杀虫双在模拟生态中的迁移,转化及归宿研究。 6.杀虫双对水生生物的影响,主要完成杀虫双对水生生物的急性毒性、慢性毒性和致突变试验,以及蓄积水平等研究。     

Fe(Ⅲ)微生物还原机理及其研究进展

厌氧异养型微生物还原Fe(Ⅲ)的同时可以氧化降解有机物,在污染环境修复中具有积极的作用.目前对Fe(Ⅲ)微生物还原的物理、生物化学特性的认识还十分有限.总结了近年来自然环境中Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的单菌种分离情况和混合菌的降解作用,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)还原以及有机物降解的机理,分析了Fe(Ⅲ)可能对微生物产生的抑制作用,并提出了进一步研究的方向.     

卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原降解技术研究进展

开发新型的、无害化降解卤代烃污染物的处理方法已成为环境科学研究的难点和热点.有关卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原处理方法也逐渐引起了国际上的重视.在论述了电化学氧化和电化学还原两种方法处理卤代烃污染物的技术原理基础上,对电化学处理卤代烃污染物的研究现状进行了综述,着重介绍了目前应用该技术处理一些卤代烃污染物的电流效率以及电极研究的进展.探讨了电化学氧化还原降解技术在这一领域应用的可行性.     

阿特拉津在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了阿特拉津在土壤中的迁移、降解及其对植物的影响等环境行为,阐述了土壤组成、土壤pH值以及温度、湿度等因素对各种环境行为过程的影响,并结合目前国内外的研究现状,提出了阿特拉津环境行为新的研究方向。     

真菌在含酚废水处理中的应用

含酚废水是一种典型的难降解有机废水,成分复杂,毒性较强,对环境污染严重.利用真菌处理含酚废水是一种新兴环境生物技术,逐渐成为了国内外环境工作者关注的焦点.概述了真菌降解酚类物质的研究现状和降解的主要机理及途径,介绍了真菌固定化技术在酚类废水治理的进展,并提出了真菌技术治理含酚废水的研究发展方向.     

环境条件对土壤中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶降解的影响

通过在实验室模拟不同的环境条件,研究常用兽药抗生素--磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)在土壤中的降解动态及其影响因素(如微生物和光照,土壤含水量、药物起始浓度等).结果表明,SMM在土壤中的降解遵循一级反应动力学方程.SMM在土壤中的降解主要是光降解和化学降解,微生物降解只占较小比例;土壤含水量的增加明显加快了SMM的降解速率,因而可以通过降低土壤中SMM残留浓度或提高土壤含水量等方法加速SMM的降解.以降低其对环境土壤和水体的风险;SMM的降解速率随土壤中SMM起始浓度增加而降低,表明土壤中降解微生物对SMM的浓度敏感.     

环境因素对Paracoccus sp.QD15-1降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)是一种使用面广、年产量大的人工合成有机化合物,扩散到周围环境中会造成环境污染,去除DMP的主要方法为生物降解法,环境因素是影响生物修复的重要因素。以DMP降解菌Paracoccus sp.QD15-1为研究对象,利用紫外分光光度计、高效液相色谱和反转录-聚合酶链式扩增(RT-PCR)技术,研究了在基础无机盐液体培养基中外加碳氮源以及不同pH和温度对菌株生物量、DMP降解率和降解基因表达的影响。结果发现:在不同碳源的生长环境中,加入质量浓度1.0g/L乳糖后,Paracoccus sp.QD15-1的生物量最大,DMP降解率达到42.16%,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量最大;在不同氮源的生长环境中,加入质量浓度1.0g/L硝酸铵后菌株的生物量最大,降解能力最强,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量均最多;在不同pH的生长环境中,pH=8时菌株生物量最多且DMP降解能力最好;在不同温度的生长环境中,当温度为25℃时菌株的生物量最大,DMP降解率为37.80%。pH=8,温度为25℃时,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量均最多。因此,Paracoccus sp.QD15-1在不同环境条件下生长能力和降解DMP能力均较强,能适应不同的生长环境,在DMP污染的生物修复工程实践中具有良好的利用前景。     

单环硝基芳香化合物好氧生物降解及其遗传学研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解的有机污染物之一 ,对环境的污染日益严重 ,利用生物技术对这类有机物进行降解是行之有效的新途径。针对几种单环硝基芳香化合物好氧降解的微生物、降解途径以及降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述     

阿特拉津在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了阿特拉津在土壤中的迁移、降解及其对植物的影响等环境行为，阐述了土壤组成、土壤pH值以及温度、湿度等因素对各种环境行为过程的影响，并结合目前国内外的研究现状，提出了阿特拉津环境行为新的研究方向。     

反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度河床沉积层中的苯胺降解

采集渭河河床沉积物,研究了反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中苯胺降解.结果表明,反硝化条件下,苯胺在有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中可生物降解.使该环境中苯胺(约50 mg/L)降解近95%,当硝酸盐为30.69、184.16、245.54 mg/L时,降解时间分别约为20、45、70 d.在上述环境中另加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,苯胺降解速度在硝酸盐为184.16 mg/L时最大,硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L时最小.当硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L,不加乙酸盐,27 d苯胺降解约95%;添加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,实验进行了47 d还仍有近13 mg/L苯胺残留,说明外加碳源(乙酸盐)对苯胺降解具有抑制作用.但当硝酸盐为184.16、245.54 mg/L时,外加碳源(乙酸盐)则强化苯胺降解.水合金属氧化物对苯胺降解具有促进作用.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.