从亚硝酸还原厌氧氨氧化转变为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化

在UASB反应器内,研究了由亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化转变为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的过程及其微生物群落变化.结果表明,历时177 d成功实现了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化.进水氨氮和硫酸盐浓度分别为130 mg·L-1和500 mg·L-1下,反应器对氨氮和硫酸盐的去除率分别达到58.9%和15.7%,对氨氮和硫酸盐的去除负荷为74.3 mg·(L·d)-1和77.5 mg·(L·d)-1,氮、硫损失摩尔比约为2,出水p H值低于进水.污泥中细菌从以球菌为主转变成以短杆菌为主,菌群中细菌由Candidatus brocadia为优势种转变为以Bacillus benzoevorans为优势种.说明完成这两种厌氧氨氧化的优势菌不同,两种厌氧氨氧化并非同一种菌参与完成的.     

Fe2+和Fe3+对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了Fe离子浓度及价态变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.短期浓度影响结果表明,当进水铁离子浓度由0升高到5 mg·L-1时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性因受刺激而逐渐增强;当进水铁离子浓度大于5 mg·L-1时,因厌氧氨氧化反应产碱,铁离子形成氢氧化物沉淀,生物活性未受到影响.不同价态铁离子浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响无明显区别.长期价态影响结果表明,经过71个周期培养,含Fe2+进水的厌氧氨氧化反应器R1脱氮效能(以氮计)由0.28 kg·(m3·d)-1升高到0.65 kg·(m3·d)-1,是含Fe3+进水反应器R2的1.28倍.因此Fe2+更适合厌氧氨氧化菌生长的需求.实验结果进一步表明,Fe3+易导致厌氧氨氧化反应器R2内氨氮过量转化,亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.17)明显低于含Fe2+进水的反应器R1内亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.24).     

一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮污泥消化液的启动

利用新型固定生物膜一活性污泥反应器处理实际污泥消化液,通过接种短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化生物膜填料,逐渐提高进水氨氮浓度并控制溶解氧浓度在0.11~0.42mg/L,系统在65d内实现了短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应的启动.反应器系统稳定运行阶段具有良好的污染物去除效果,进水COD和氨氮浓度为921和1120.8mg/L,COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为66.8%,99.0%和94.4%,总氮去除负荷为0.27kgN/(m3·d).试验表明采取逐步提高进水中消化液比例的策略,有利于一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺的快速启动.进一步分析发现系统同时存在厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的脱氮途径,对总氮去除的贡献率分别为67.4%~91.1%和8.9%~32.6%.     

铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响.短期实验结果表明,铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能影响主要分为3个阶段.刺激阶段,Cu2+浓度0~1mg/L和Zn2+浓度0~4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,微生物活性受到刺激,氮去除速率迅速增加;稳定阶段,Cu2+浓度1~8mg/L时,氮去除速率处于稳定状态.抑制阶段,Cu2+浓度大于8mg/L和Zn2+大于4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,氮去除速率逐步下降.Cu2+、Zn2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长期影响表明,当进水Cu2+浓度达到4mg/L和Zn2+达到8mg/L时厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性将受到抑制.降低进水重金属浓度后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性可以得到恢复.厌氧氨氧化菌对Cu2+的敏感性强于Zn2+.     

焦化废水厌氧氨氧化污泥培养影响因素的研究

针对煤化行业高含氮焦化污水,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺进行脱氮污泥培养、驯化,对可能制约厌氧氨氧化菌生长的因素进行研究分析。结果发现:得出适宜于厌氧氨氧化污泥培养的水力停留时间、温度、p H及为保持污泥活性要求限制反应器进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的最大负荷值。     

全程自养脱氮颗粒污泥培养及动力学研究

SBR反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥,经过3个阶段培养,成功培养出全程自养脱氮颗粒污泥,并对颗粒污泥系统进行动力学研究.建立了描述全程自养脱氮的动力学模型.由于溶解氧(DO)在颗粒污泥内呈梯度分布,模型引入DO校正系数.通过模型研究反硝化作用、亚硝酸盐和DO对过程的影响,模拟结果与实测结果相一致.结果说明,异养反硝化菌的存在,在一定程度上影响厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)过程,但是随着启动的进行,反硝化的影响逐渐降低.初始亚硝酸盐浓度为20~30 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化开始受到抑制,总氮去除率开始降低.DO浓度的过高或过低都会导致全程自养脱氮效果受限制.根据进水氨氮浓度调整DO浓度,可使总氮去除效率达到较佳水平.进水氨氮浓度为80 mg/L时,最佳DO为0.3~0.6 mg/L.     

厌氧氨氧化混培菌的获得及其运行条件

采用了好氧活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥混合接种的方法 ,成功地启动了实验室规模的厌氧氨氧化反应器 ,启动后含氨模拟废水运行的进水氨浓度和进水亚硝基氮浓度均为 2 0 mmol/ L ,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的容积负荷率为10 .69mmol/ L·d,12 .2 6mmol/ L· d和 3 94.5 5 mg/ L·d,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的去除率保持在 90 %、99%和 95 %以上 ,对运行条件研究表明 ,厌氧氨氧化反应的最适 p H为 7～ 7.5 ,最适温度约在 3 0± 1℃。厌氧氨氧化随亚硝酸盐浓度的升高而下降 ,氨的厌氧转化随 COD浓度的增加也呈抑制型曲线 ,当 COD浓度为 80 0± 5 0 mg/ L 时 ,厌氧氨氧化速率达到最大     

SNAD反应器中颗粒污泥和絮体污泥脱氮特性

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为30℃时, SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification)反应器内的颗粒污泥R1(1~2.5mm)和絮体污泥R2(0~0.25mm)的脱氮特性. 结果表明,颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.166,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.158,0.105,0.094kgN/(kg VSS×d).絮体污泥的好氧氨氮氧化活性和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为 0.180,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.026,0.096,0.108kgN/(kg VSS×d).颗粒污泥和絮体污泥都具有良好的亚硝化性能和反硝化性能.颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能良好,絮体污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能较差.扫描电镜显示,在SNAD颗粒污泥的表面主要是一些短杆菌和球状菌.在SNAD颗粒污泥中心区域主要为火山口状细菌.在絮体污泥中,同时存在短杆菌,球状菌和火山口状细菌.     

序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理高氨氮渗滤液的脱氮机理研究

采用自主设计的SBBR反应器处理氨氮浓度含量较高的垃圾填埋场渗滤液并对其脱氮机理进行分析.在保持(32±0.4)℃的环境温度下,经过58 d的驯化和33 d的稳定,SBBR反应器的脱氮效率最高达到95%.实验结果表明,高频间歇式曝气方式在抑制了硝酸细菌的活性的同时也消除了亚硝酸盐浓度和pH大幅波动对亚硝酸细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌活性的影响;在曝气阶段,溶解氧浓度被控制在1.2～1.4 mg·L-1,亚硝酸细菌成为主体细菌,亚硝酸盐积累;在缺氧阶段,随着溶解氧浓度迅速降低,厌氧氨氧化细菌成为优势菌种,曝气阶段积累的亚硝酸盐与氨氮同时被去除.     

厌氧氨氧化污泥中氨氧化的潜在电子受体

通过接种亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化污泥,投加潜在电子受体(亚硝酸盐、Fe~(3+)和硫酸盐)研究了厌氧条件下氨氮氧化的潜在电子受体.结果表明,亚硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化最适合的电子受体,能够与氨氮在短暂的时间内完全反应;在亚硝酸盐缺乏的情况下,厌氧氨氧化污泥中微生物利用自身细胞有机物将产物硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐参与氨氮转化;Fe~(3+)与硫酸盐在氨氮氧化后期出现转化,但是直接还是间接参与还需进一步研究.厌氧氨氧化污泥对氨氮产生过量氧化之前必须以亚硝酸盐为电子受体进行微生物活性激活,并且好氧氨氧化菌和亚硝化菌出现增长,推测微生物产生了H_2O_2.该现象并不可长久持续.虽然其氧化速率较慢,但是过量氧化现象较为明显.因此厌氧氨氧化污泥中肯定存在氨氮过量氧化的现象.厌氧氨氧化污泥对电子的利用顺序是亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、Fe~(3+)和硫酸盐.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.