海水淡化低温多效蒸馏工艺(LT-MED)沿程溴代消毒副产物的生成

研究了海水淡化低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)工艺沿程水质和溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)变化特征.LT-MED工艺进水海水的Br-浓度和比紫外吸收值(SUVA)分别为54.6 mg·L~(-1)和1.7 L·(mg·m)-1,其荧光特征有机物主要有色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、富里酸类有机物和溶解性微生物代谢产物.进水海水经Na Cl O消毒后,DBPs的种类和浓度显著增加,且增加的主要为Br-DBPs,三溴甲烷(CHBr3)占总三卤甲烷(THMs)的100%;一溴乙酸(C2H3Br O2)和二溴乙酸(C2H2Br2O2)分别占总卤乙酸(HAAs)的31.9%和68.1%;四溴苯酚(C6H5Br O)占总卤代酚(HPs)的100%.LT-MED海水淡化产品水中THMs、HAAs和HPs均未检出,但是其浓水中的THMs、HAAs和HPs浓度分别为56.9、35.0和0.1μg·L~(-1).     

南京北郊降水无机离子和有机酸的化学特征及来源分析

连续收集2016年12月至2017年11月期间的南京降水样品,分析主要无机离子和有机酸的化学特征及季节变化,运用正交矩阵因子模型法(PMF)进行源解析.结果表明,南京地区降水pH均值为5.6,离子总浓度雨量加权平均值为297.3μmol·L~(-1),阳离子浓度依序为NH~+_4 Ca~(2+) K~+ Na~+ Mg~(2+),阴离子浓度则为NO~-_3 SO~(2-)_4 Cl~- F~-.总有机酸浓度雨量加权平均值为2.86μmol·L~(-1),占总阴离子的2.2%. CHO~-_2、C_2H_3O~-_2和C_2O~(2-)_4是南京降水主要的有机酸,年雨量加权平均值分别是1.35、 1.05和0.26μmol·L~(-1).离子浓度总体表现出明显的冬春高和夏秋低的季节性变化,而总有机酸浓度夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,生长季节高于非生长季节,与较多的植被排放有关.运用甲酸和乙酸的比值(F/A)判定南京降水有机酸的主要来源为植物生长释放,有机物燃烧,机动车排放等直接来源,大气氧化等间接来源较少.南京降水无机离子和有机酸主要有5个来源贡献,海源和二次无机生成、生物质燃烧、陆源和垃圾焚烧、二次有机生成、生物排放和生物源二次生成,分别贡献40.0%、 22.2%、 22.0%、 14.5%及1.3%.     

水中利谷隆氯化降解动力学和消毒副产物生成特性

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对含氮除草剂利谷隆开展了氯化降解实验研究,系统考察了加氯量、p H值、加Br-量以及温度对降解效果的影响,分析了氯化反应过程中消毒副产物生成特性.结果表明,次氯酸钠对利谷隆的氧化降解过程符合二级反应动力学;p H值对该降解反应影响较大,当p H值为7时反应速率最快,其中HOCl、OCl-与利谷隆的基元反应速率常数分别为4.84×102L·(mol·h)-1和3.80×102L·(mol·h)-1.在添加溴离子时,反应速率随着溴离子的加入逐渐减小.改变温度时,反应速率随着温度的增加而逐渐增大.利谷隆在氯化降解过程中可产生三氯甲烷、二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷、卤代丙酮等多类型消毒副产物.在不同p H值和添加溴离子条件下,消毒副产物种类与浓度会出现显著差异.     

臭氧-混凝交互作用对水体有机物的影响

研究臭氧在纯水和混凝剂[Al_2(SO_4)_3]溶液中残余浓度的变化;采用差异吸收分析(differential absorbance,DA)、三维荧光(three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,3D-EEM)和气相色谱(gas chromatograph,GC)、总有机碳分析(total organic carbon analyser,TOC)等研究水体有机物(富里酸)光谱特征、有机物和消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量在预臭氧、预臭氧-混凝(POC)以及臭氧-混凝联用(OC)后的差异;研究臭氧和混凝联合作用对有机物氧化程度及其对DBPs生成的影响.结果表明POC与OC作用存在明显差别,臭氧与混凝剂Al_2(SO_4)_3存在交互作用.交互作用主要体现在:(1)臭氧-混凝联用时臭氧降解速率加快;且臭氧降解中自由基产量相对增加.当臭氧投量2 mg·L~(-1),Al3+含量为1 mg·L~(-1)、3 mg·L~(-1)时,自由基捕获量比单独臭氧分别高15.2%和23.9%.(2)联用和预臭氧-混凝对有机物反应的差异,体现在OC有机物去除率低于POC,二者对有机物的反应途径不同;进而导致有机物与消毒剂反应的差异以及DBPs生成的差异.联用对DOC的去除能力明显强于单独臭氧和单独混凝,但弱于预氧化-混凝.当O3浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、Al3+1 mg·L~(-1)时POC处理后二氯乙酸生成势(DCAAFP)和三氯乙酸生成势(TCAAFP)分别为47μg·L~(-1)和20.5μg·L~(-1),三氯甲烷生成势(CFFP)为97.8μg·L~(-1),较原水分别降低51%、64.6%和41.5%;而相应臭氧-混凝处理后DCAAFP和TCAAFP分别为48.4μg·L~(-1)和21.4μg·L~(-1),CFFP为117.3μg·L~(-1);较原水分别降低49.6%、63%和29.5%.同等臭氧投量下,增加混凝剂的剂量,POC和OC处理效果的差异进一步扩大.为保证用水安全和处理效率,臭氧和混凝联用时对臭氧的浓度、投加位置、混凝剂的种类等都需要进一步的研究论证,慎重选择.     

Ti/RuO2-IrO2电极电化学方法降解溶液中TBBPA及其降解机理探究

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是世界上产量和用量最大的溴代阻燃剂之一,在河流、底泥及污水中持久存在,严重威胁环境和人体健康.探讨了阳极为Ti/RuO_2-IrO_2电极的电化学法对溶液中TBBPA的降解效率,并考察了电流密度(5~20 m A·cm~(-2))、初始pH值(3~11)、极板间距(1~3 cm)及电解质浓度(1~40 mmol·L~(-1))对降解速率的影响.研究结果表明,TBBPA的降解遵循一级动力学方程,在溶液初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)、电流密度为10 mA·cm~(-2)、电解质浓度为5 mmol·L~(-1)及极板间距为1 cm的条件下,60 min后TBBPA的降解率可达97.2%,且降解速率常数和半衰期分别为0.060 min~(-1)和11.6 min,能量消耗为105.3 k Wh·m~(-3).同时运用HPLC-MS/MS检测出中间产物双酚A(BPA)和2-溴苯酚,并推断其降解途径主要为在羟基自由基(·OH)作用下连续的脱溴过程中,苯环与异丙基之间的C—C键断裂生成BPA和2-溴苯酚.电化学法是一种高效的、有潜力的降解难降解有机污染物的方法,本文将为今后实际废污水中TBBPA的去除提供基础数据和技术参数.     

含溴黄浦江水消毒过程中溴代三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的生成特性

通过水厂出水DBPs调查和氯化培养实验探讨了黄浦江水中溴离子（Br-）在消毒过程中的迁移及对含溴副产物（溴代三卤甲烷和卤乙酸）生成的影响.结果表明,采用氯胺消毒的水厂出水中约10%的Br-迁移至Br-THMs和Br-HAAs.氯化培养时,在余氯充足的前提下增加Br-浓度,总有机溴（TOBr）和含溴副产物均增加.延长氯化...     

活化过硫酸盐氧化地下水中苯酚的动力学研究

以柠檬酸(CA)络合亚铁离子CA-Fe(II)为活化剂,活化过硫酸盐(S2O82-,PS)产生强氧化剂硫酸根自由基(SO4·-),进而催化氧化苯酚.从CA/Fe(II)物质的量比、Fe(II)浓度、过硫酸盐(PS)投加量和苯酚初始浓度4个因素来考察络合亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的动力学.结果表明,随着PS投加量的增加,苯酚的去除率随之提高;但随着苯酚初始浓度的增加,去除率逐渐降低;CA/Fe(II)物质的量比为1/5时,能够保持水溶液中足量的亚铁离子,有利于苯酚的氧化去除;当PS/CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为100/10/50/1时,苯酚的去除率最高,反应15min后去除率达到98%,此时,苯酚的氧化反应速率k也达到最高值0.430min-1.活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的过程基本符合准一级动力学,在CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为10/50/1条件下,苯酚氧化反应速率与过硫酸盐投加量呈线性正相关(R2 = 0.953).     

铜绿微囊藻胞内物消毒副产物生成：氯化和溴化比较

为了研究蓝藻水华期间释放的有机物给原水水质及给水处理过程带来的影响,选取优势藻种铜绿微囊藻的胞内物质(IOM)作为前驱体,分析了其结构特征.此外,分别研究了IOM在pH 6.5、7.1及8.4条件下与氯及溴反应后性质的变化及消毒副产物的生成,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,IOM中以相对分子质量较大的组分(>30×103)为主,其溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量占总量的68.8%.三维荧光光谱(EEM)的结果表明IOM的成分主要以芳香蛋白类物质为主,其单位DOC的荧光强度为92.6 AU·L·mg-1.与氯或溴反应后,芳香蛋白类EEM峰值下降了76.6%~93.3%,且其降低值与三卤甲烷(THMs,R2=0.81)和卤乙酸(HAAs,R2=0.77)的生成量正相关.IOM与氯或溴反应生成的THMs和HAAs浓度均随着pH的增加而增加.溴相比氯与IOM反应可以生成更多的THMs和HAAs,且HAAs的卤代程度更高,但是氯及溴与IOM反应能力的差异随着pH的升高而逐渐减小,即k OBr·IOM/k OCl·IOM相似文献   

硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮条件控制研究

采用全混式厌氧搅拌罐,研究自养条件下,厌氧氨氧化与硫自养反硝化共同存在时,前者对系统中硫酸盐的产生和碱度消耗的影响.投加单质硫颗粒50 g·L~(-1),接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥100 g·L~(-1)(湿重),控制温度35℃±0.5℃,搅拌强度120r·min-1,p H为8.0~8.4.启动硫自养反硝化阶段,进水硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为5.3 h,反应器硝态氮负荷达0.56~0.71 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化反应过程中,添加60 mg·L~(-1)氨氮后,硝态氮负荷仍维持在0.66~0.88kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).反应体系内单位硝酸盐转化产生的硫酸盐Δn(SO~(2-)_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)由1.21±0.06降低至1.01±0.10,Δ(IC)∶Δ(NO~-_3-N)由0.72±0.1降低至0.51±0.11,出水p H值由6.5上升至7.2.序批试实验优化反应条件:在搅拌强度G_T值为22~64 s~(-1),p H值为8.08时,耦合反应Δn(NH~+_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)最高达到0.43,硝酸盐转化速率提升60%,过高搅拌强度(搅拌速度G_T值64 s~(-1))、不适宜的p H值(最适p H值为8.02)环境都会起同步转化效率的降低.     

UV强化草酸络合Fe3+活化过硫酸盐氧化降解苯胺

采用UV-草酸络合Fe~(3+)[UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3]活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解苯胺,研究了Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度,PS浓度,pH对PS活化效率及苯胺氧化降解效果的影响机制.结果表明,Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度和pH决定了UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3体系中Fe~(3+)向Fe2+的转化过程,并对活化PS氧化降解苯胺产生显著影响.随着Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度增加,PS的分解率不断提高,但当浓度高于0.75 mmol·L~(-1)时,草酸根离子(C2O_2-4)对硫酸根自由基(SO·-4)的竞争以及SO·-4之间的相互淬灭作用降低了苯胺的降解效果,降解速率大小顺序为5 mmol·L~(-1)0.25 mmol·L~(-1)0.5 mmol·L~(-1)1 mmol·L~(-1)0.75 mmol·L~(-1);中性和碱性条件不利于Fe(C_2O_4)3-3发生光化学反应生成Fe2+,但当初始pH为7和9时,由于PS活化分解过程降低反应体系pH,反应300min时PS的活化率可分别达到74%和67%,苯胺去除率分别高达91%和97%,均高于初始pH为酸性条件下的结果;苯胺降解率随初始PS浓度增加而增大,当PS浓度大于10 mmol·L~(-1)时,苯胺降解过程由二级反应变为准一级反应,但此时过量的PS因与SO·-4发生反应而显著降低PS用于氧化降解苯胺的利用率.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.