天津市2020年冬季重污染过程气溶胶消光特性及其来源

为了解天津市2020年冬季重污染过程气溶胶消光特征,基于2020年1~2月高时间分辨率的在线监测数据,对1月16~18日（重污染过程Ⅰ）、1月26~28日（重污染过程Ⅱ）和2月9~10日（重污染过程Ⅲ）进行气溶胶消光特性及其来源分析.结果表明,3次重污染过程PM_2.5平均浓度分别为（229±52）、（219±48）和（161±25）μg·m^-3,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、OC、EC、Cl^-和K⁺为PM_2.5中主要组分.3次重污染过程气溶胶散射系数（Bsp₅₅₀）和吸收系数（Bap₅₅₀）分别为（1055.65±250.17）、（1054.26±263.22）、（704.44±109.89） Mm^-1和（52.96±13.15）、（39.72±8.21）、（34.50±8.53） Mm^-1,散射效应高于吸收效应.重污染天气下硝酸盐（38.9%~48.8%）、硫酸盐（31.1%~40.7%）和OM （9.9%~21.8%）为PM_2.5中最主要消光成分.3次重污染过程PM_2.5组分对气溶胶消光的贡献发生明显变化,重污染过程Ⅰ,硝酸盐对消光系数的贡献最高;重污染过程Ⅱ,受春节期间烟花爆竹燃放影响,OM对消光系数的贡献升高;重污染过程Ⅲ,交通出行减少但燃煤源排放相对稳定,硝酸盐对消光系数的贡献降低,硫酸盐的贡献升高.来源解析结果显示,重污染天气气溶胶消光的主要来源为二次无机气溶胶（37.1%~42.0%）、燃煤和工业（22.9%~24.2%）、机动车（23.9%~27.2%）、扬尘源（5.0%~6.4%）和烟花爆竹及生物质燃烧排放（3.9%~6.2%）.与重污染过程Ⅰ相比,重污染过程Ⅱ烟花爆竹及生物质燃烧排放对消光系数的贡献升高;重污染过程Ⅲ机动车对消光系数的贡献明显降低;燃煤和工业对消光系数的贡献在3次重污染过程中较接近.后轨迹分析表明,重污染天气期间天津市主要以来自河北的小尺度、短距离以及内蒙古中部的中尺度、中短距离气团传输轨迹为主.     

北京南部城区PM2.5中碳质组分特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后北京市大气PM_2.5中碳质组分特征,于2017年12月至2018年12月在北京污染较重的南部城区进行了PM_2.5连续采样,对其中的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行了全面研究.结果表明,北京大气PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别为4.2~366.3、0.9~74.5和0.0~5.5 μg ·m^-3,平均浓度分别为（77.1±52.1）、（11.2±7.8）和（1.2±0.8）μg ·m^-3,碳质组分（OC和EC）整体占PM_2.5的16.1%.OC质量浓度季节特征表现为：冬季[（13.8±8.7）μg ·m^-3] > 春季[（12.7±9.6）μg ·m^-3] > 秋季[（11.8±6.2）μg ·m^-3] > 夏季[（6.5±2.1）μg ·m^-3],EC四季质量浓度水平均较低,范围为0.8~1.5 μg ·m^-3.二次有机碳（SOC）年均质量浓度为（5.4±5.8）μg ·m^-3,四季贡献比例范围为45.7%~52.3%,年均贡献为48.2%,凸显了二次形成的重要贡献.随污染加重,尽管OC和EC贡献比例均降低,但浓度水平却成倍升高,OC和EC浓度在严重污染天分别是空气质量为优天的6.3和3.2倍.与非供暖时段相比,供暖时段PM_2.5、OC和SOC浓度分别增加了14.4%、47.9%和72.1%,体现了OC对供暖季PM_2.5污染的重要贡献.PSCF分析表明,位于北京西南的山西省和河南省部分区域是PM_2.5和OC的主要潜在源区,且PM_2.5潜在源区更为集中;EC的PSCF高值（>0.7）区域较少,主要位于北京南部,如山东省和河南省部分地区,且北京市及周边地区贡献明显.     

郑州市2014～2017年大气污染特征及气象条件影响分析

根据郑州市2014~2017年大气主要污染物和气象数据的在线监测数据,分析了各污染物的浓度水平、季节变化、比值特征及气象条件影响.结果表明,2014~2017年郑州市大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀的年均质量浓度分别为（88.1±49.8）、（95.8±60.2）、（78.6±70.3）、（72.0±53.5）μg·m^-3和（158.5±65.3）、（167.7±82.6）、（144.5±91.5）、（132.7±70.3）μg·m^-3,均超过我国年度二级标准限值的两倍左右.4年来,郑州市空气质量虽有所改善,但颗粒污染问题仍旧没有从根本上解决,且夏季O_3-8h超标问题日益突出.利用特征比值法进行来源判断,结果表明燃烧源和二次生成是郑州市大气中PM_2.5的主要贡献源,其中燃煤的贡献逐年下降,移动源的贡献逐年上升.此外,低风速、高湿度和降水少是造成大气污染严重的重要气象因素.利用潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹法（CWT）分析了郑州市PM_2.5潜在来源分布及其贡献特征,结果表明,PM_2.5污染源区主要分布在河南省内的周边城市以及山西南部、陕西东部、湖北北部、山东西北部、河北南部等相邻省份,其中,近距离传输对郑州市PM_2.5的质量浓度贡献更为显著.     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

2016年10～11月期间北京市大气颗粒物污染特征与传输规律

本研究采用气溶胶化学组分在线监测仪（ACSM）对北京地区2016年10月15日~11月15日期间非难熔性PM₁（NR-PM₁）化学组分进行实时连续在线观测,探讨了NR-PM₁化学组分的演变特征;运用潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）法和气象-空气质量模式（WRF-CAMx）识别了北京PM_2.5潜在污染源区和传输路径,揭示了PM_2.5净传输通量的垂直分布特征.结果表明,北京秋季NR-PM₁和PM_2.5质量浓度分别为（59.16±57.05）μg·m^-3和（89.82±66.66）μg·m^-3,其中NR-PM₁平均占PM_2.5的（70.31±22.28）%.整个观测期间,有机物（Org）、硝酸盐（NO₃^-）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、铵盐（NH₄⁺）和氯化物（Chl）分别占NR-PM₁总质量浓度的（42.75±11.35）%、（21.27±7.72）%、（19.11±7.08）%、（12.19±2.64）%和（4.68±3.24）%,不同化学组分的日变化特征存在明显差异.对北京秋季NR-PM₁污染影响较大的潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、河南东北部及山东西部,重污染期间保定、北京南部及廊坊等城市对NR-PM₁贡献较大.WRF-CAMx模拟结果表明,PM_2.5总的净传输通量呈现出显著的垂直分布特征.整个观测期间,毗邻城市主要向北京输入PM_2.5,净通量最大出现在海拔600~1000 m;而重污染前期外来源输送PM_2.5主要位于高空,直到污染最严重的11月5日,PM_2.5转为近地面传输,说明高空和近地面传输是影响北京秋季PM_2.5重污染形成的重要因素.同时鉴别出了两种传输路径,即西南-东北方向（保定→北京→承德）和西北-东南方向（张家口→北京→廊坊北→天津）.     

2017~2018年北京大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子特征

为探究近年来北京市空气质量持续改善过程中PM_2.5及其中水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）特征,于2017~2018年在北京城区进行了连续1 a的PM_2.5样品采集,对其中9种主要WSIIs进行了全面分析.结果表明,北京市PM_2.5年均浓度为（77.1±52.1）μg ·m^-3,最高和最低值分别出现在春季[（102.9±69.1）μg ·m^-3]和夏季[（54.7±19.9）μg ·m^-3].WSIIs年均浓度为（31.7±30.1）μg ·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献比例为41.1%,季节贡献特征为：秋季（45.9%） > 夏季（41.9%） > 春季（39.9%） ≥ 冬季（39.2%）.SNA是WSIIs的重要组成,春、夏、秋和冬季在总WSIIs中的占比分别可达86.0%、89.5%、74.6%和73.0%.随温度升高,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-分别呈现出了先升高后降低以及波动性升高的趋势;而当相对湿度低于90%时,2种离子浓度均随相对湿度增加而升高,反映了光化学和液相过程对2种离子组分的贡献差异.随污染加重,WSIIs整体贡献比例大幅升高,且各类WSIIs演化特征各异,其中,NO₃^-浓度和贡献均持续升高,而SO₄^2-和各类源自扬尘的离子组分（Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺）贡献降低.观测期间WSIIs主要来源包括二次转化、燃烧源和扬尘源,对燃煤和机动车的管控是其减排的重要途径.后向轨迹分析表明,源自北京市南部和西部的气团对应着较高的PM_2.5浓度和WSIIs占比,且二次离子贡献显著;而源自西北和北部的气团对应的PM_2.5浓度和WSIIs占比则较低,但Ca²⁺贡献较高.     

张掖市城区大气细颗粒物PM2.5的化学组成及来源解析

为研究张掖市城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染特征和来源,于2020年9月至2021年7月在张掖市城区的河西学院和湿地博物馆2个采样点进行了PM_2.5样品采集,对PM_2.5浓度、化学组成（水溶性无机离子、碳质组分和元素）和来源进行分析.结果表明,河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均ρ（PM_2.5）分别为（73.7±31.8）μg·m^-3和（68.1±33.3）μg·m^-3,季节浓度均值均呈现春季>冬季>秋季>夏季的变化.河西学院采样点的二次水溶性无机离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）年均值高于湿地博物馆.河西学院采样点的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.6±5.7）μg·m^-3和（2.9±1.6）μg·m^-3,湿地博物馆采样点的年均ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.2±5.8）μg·m^-3和（2.5±1.3）μg·m^-3,河西学院的含碳组分在各季节均高于湿地博物馆.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均二次有机碳（SOC）在OC中的质量分数分别为49.4%和43.7%,表明张掖市存在较为严重的二次污染.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的元素浓度年均值分别为（6.0±3.5）μg·m^-3和（5.8±3.9）μg·m^-3,受到人为源的影响,Zn、Ca、Al和Fe等元素浓度水平相对较高.正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）结果表明,张掖城区PM_2.5的主要贡献源为二次气溶胶（28.0%）、交通源（25.8%）、扬尘源（15.2%）、燃煤源（14.0%）、生物质燃烧和垃圾焚烧源（12.5%）和工艺过程源（4.5%）.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

中国主要背景区域冬季大气PM2.5中非极性有机化合物组成及来源解析

本研究于2019年12月至2020年1月在5个区域大气本底站：临安、金沙、龙凤山、上甸子和瓦里关,同步采集了PM_2.5样品,分析了其中的非极性有机物：多环芳烃、正构烷烃和藿烷类化合物。结果表明,上甸子和龙凤山的多环芳烃平均浓度显著高于其他站点,分别为35.2±25.6 ng/m³和27.5±16.8 ng/m³;藿烷类物质的浓度在上甸子和临安出现高值,分别为2.72±1.78 ng/m³和2.47±0.990 ng/m³;正构烷烃浓度以临安最高,为86.7±40.6 ng/m³。对各站点多环芳烃和藿烷类化合物采用比值法,正构烷烃采用主峰碳数（C_max）、碳优势指数（carbon preference index,CPI）和植物蜡贡献率（% Wax C_n）,结合主成分分析-多元线性回归模型（PCA/MLR）综合进行源解析。结果显示采样期间除瓦里关外,其余站点燃烧源均以化石燃料源为主,贡献率分别为临安（94.9%） > 金沙（75.3%） > 龙凤山（74.7%） > 上甸子（62.5%） > 瓦里关（35.6%）。后向轨迹聚类分析（HYSPLIT）和潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）表明各站点主要受到外来传输气团的影响,并查明了各站点的潜在污染源区。对背景站点的研究表明,东北地区和京津冀地区PM_2.5中非极性有机物来源相似,京津冀地区的生物质燃烧源贡献率高于东北地区;长江中下游地区化石燃料贡献率显著高于生物质燃烧;华中地区燃煤和交通排放源排放贡献率均低于长江三角洲地区;青藏高原地区生物质燃烧贡献率远高于其他地区。     

郑州市细颗粒物时空差异及管控措施影响

为研究郑州市细颗粒物（PM_2.5）时空分布差异及秋冬季管控措施影响,于2017年秋季至2018年冬季选取5个点位采集PM_2.5样品并进行组分分析,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析PM_2.5污染来源,评估郑州市秋冬季管控效果,并基于源解析结果为下一阶段秋冬季管控提供支撑.郑州市PM_2.5浓度冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季,郑州大学（ZZU）PM_2.5浓度最高［（83.1±44.7）μg·m^-3］,高出平均浓度［（76.5±46.1）μg·m^-3］的8.7%.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺在9种水溶性离子中平均占比高达22.5%、43.6%和23.4%,受燃煤影响Cl^-两年冬季占比高于其他季节（6.7%和6.6%）.秋冬季二次有机碳（SOC）污染严重,浓度占有机碳的一半以上,2018年市监测站（JCZ）和ZZU点位SOC/OC比2017年有所下降,但其他3个点位大幅度升高,说明这些地区不同的排放基础应对管控措施的表现不尽相同.重构结果表明硫酸盐占比在夏季最高（25.0%）,硝酸盐两年秋季占比较高（23.1%和25.1%）,地壳物质春季占比最高（18.2%）,二次有机气溶胶（SOA）冬季最高（14.1%和20.5%）;JCZ和航空港（HKG）点位SOA贡献较大（16.9%和16.4%）,ZZU点位受到一次有机气溶胶和地壳物质影响较大（14.3%和12.1%）.PMF结果表明二次无机盐（37.5%）、SOA（15.4%）、交通源（14.9%）、工艺过程源（4.8%）、燃煤源（16.0%）、扬尘源（6.5%）和生物质燃烧源（2.8%）是郑州市PM_2.5的主要污染源,SOA和燃煤源在冬季贡献最大,扬尘源和生物质燃烧源在春季和秋季贡献较大;市区点位JCZ、ZZU和临近机场的HKG受到交通源的影响高于其他点位,非市区点位新密和HKG受到生物质燃烧源的影响较大.对比两年秋冬季,2018年秋冬季SOA、交通源和工艺过程源的贡献有所升高,而二次无机盐、燃煤源和生物质燃烧源有所下降,冬季扬尘源也有所下降.结果表明秋冬季管控措施对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,同时SOA前体物挥发性有机物是进一步减排管控的方向.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.