氯化钙种子气溶胶对甲苯二次有机气溶胶与氨形成含氮有机物的影响

苯系物光氧化反应形成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气细粒子的重要组成部分.SOA羧酸和二元醛组分能与氨反应形成有机酸铵和咪唑类含氮有机物,它们能够吸收205 nm和270 nm的紫外辐射,是棕色碳的主要组分.氯化钙等无机种子气溶胶具有较大的比表面积,可为气相羰基化合物和氨提供凝结与反应载体,从而影响含氮有机物的形成.基于此,本文利用烟雾腔研究氯化钙种子气溶胶存在时甲苯SOA与氨的反应,采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量产物溶液在205 nm和270 nm处的吸光度,并定性研究不同浓度、湿度和酸度的氯化钙种子气溶胶对含氮有机物形成的影响.结果表明:氯化钙种子气溶胶能够促进甲苯SOA含氮有机物的形成;含氮有机物的生成浓度随着氯化钙种子气溶胶浓度和pH值的增加而逐渐增大.但当氯化钙种子气溶胶为碱性时,OH~-会与凝结的有机酸发生酸碱中和反应并抑制二元醛化合物水合形成四醇产物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成;水分子的增加占据了氯化钙种子气溶胶表面的吸附活性位点,氨被吸附和凝结的量减少,从而导致含氮有机物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.本研究可为人为源SOA棕色碳的形成机制和化学组成研究提供实验依据.     

Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of -pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysisexperiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limitedexperiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments andrecorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particlesizer (SMPS), and α-pinene consumed was measured using GC-FID. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced for seed-free systemis 100% organic in content, resulting from a sufficient supersaturation of low volatility organics to produce homogeneous nucleationfollowed by condensation to the aerosol. Secondary organic aerosol produced in seeded system is a mixture of organic and inorganicconstituents, initially forms via condensation onto the inorganic particles, and subsequent growth occurs via absorption into the organicsurface coating the inorganic core. Although the formation process and the size distribution for seed-free system and seeded system isdifferent, the ultimate mass of SOA formed is equal, and SOA yield for the two system located in the same regression line when usingone-product model, suggesting that the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed has no measurable effect on the total aerosol yield, and the dry seed particle acts solely as a site upon which organic deposition occurs.     

氨与甲苯SOA形成含氮有机物的影响因素研究

利用自制的烟雾腔系统使臭氧光解产生OH自由基,启动甲苯光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶（SOA）粒子,在不同的实验条件下研究甲苯SOA与氨反应形成的含氮有机物,并采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量反应产物溶液在205和270nm处的吸光度,探究光照时间、甲苯、氨、臭氧浓度和相对湿度等环境因素对含氮有机物形成的影响规律.结果表明,有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着紫外光照时间的延长,甲苯、氨和臭氧的浓度的增加而逐渐增大.但是当臭氧浓度超过一定值后,光解生成的高浓度OH自由基能够使甲苯光氧化产物变成更多的挥发性化合物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成.水分子的增加会使臭氧光解产生的OH自由基浓度减少,从而导致有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.这为研究人为源SOA颗粒中含氮有机物棕色碳的形成提供了实验依据.     

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limited experiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments and recorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer ...     

Size distribution of the secondary organic aerosol particles from the photooxidation of toluene

In a smog chamber, the photooxidation of toluene was initiated by hydroxyl radical （OH.） under different experimental conditions. The size distribution of secondary organic aerosol（SOA） particles from the above reaction was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. It was found from our experimental results that the number of SOA particles increased with increasing the concentration of toluene. As the reaction time prolonged, the sum of SOA particles was also increased. After a reaction time of 130 min, the concentration of secondary organic aerosol particles would be kept constant at 2300 particles/cm^3. Increasing illumination power of blacklamps could significantly induce a higher concentration of secondary organic aerosol particle. The density of SOA particles would also be increased with increasing concentration of CH30NO, however, it would be decreased as soon as the concentration of CH30NO was larger than 225.2 ppm. Nitrogen oxide with initial concentration higher than 30. 1 ppm was also found to have little effect on the formation of secondary organic aerosol.     

氨对甲苯二次有机气溶胶形成和化学组分的影响研究

氨(NH_3)是大气中常见的主要碱性污染气体,能够影响二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的形成和化学组分.本文利用自制的烟雾腔系统开展了NH_3对甲苯SOA形成和化学组分的影响研究,先后采用扫描移动粒径谱仪(SMPS)、气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪(ALTOFMS)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)和荧光光谱仪(MF)测量反应产生的SOA粒子的物理化学性质.结果显示,在光照60 min的时间范围内,有NH_3条件下形成的SOA质量浓度和中心粒径相比于无NH_3条件下分别增加了50%和25%,这说明NH_3能够显著促进甲苯SOA的形成.与无NH_3条件下相比,NH_3存在时甲苯SOA化学组分的紫外可见吸收光谱在270 nm处有明显的吸收峰;红外吸收光谱出现了CN、C—N、N—H键的吸收峰;激光解吸附质谱图中含有m/z=67(C_3H_3N_2~+)、m/z=41(C_2H_2N~+)和m/z=28(CH2N+)碎片峰.这些谱图信息综合表明是NH_3和甲苯SOA中的二醛组分反应形成了咪唑类新产物.这为研究人为源SOA的形成机制提供了实验依据.     

硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NOx-空气体系光化学反应的影响

利用大气模拟烟雾箱,研究了硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NO_x-空气体系光化学反应的影响.结果表明,硫酸铵作为气溶胶种子,其存在可以加快反应过程中颗粒物（particle matter, PM）的生成速度,并提高甲苯的气溶胶产率.在高浓度的硫酸铵气溶胶种子条件下,其初始浓度对反应过程中NO_x、NO和O₃的浓度变化没有明显的影响,但对二次有机气溶胶（secondary organic aerosol, SOA）的生成有显著影响.在硫酸铵气溶胶种子浓度小于160 μg·m^-3时,SOA的产率随初始气溶胶种子浓度的增大而增大,从最小7.2％到最大11.7％,其增幅超过60％.     

上海城区二次气溶胶的形成:光化学氧化与液相反应对二次气溶胶形成的影响

二次组分是大气细颗粒物中最重要的组成部分之一.本研究旨在探究上海城区大气气溶胶颗粒物中二次组分的贡献及其形成的主要影响因素.利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)对上海城区春季及夏季的亚微米颗粒物(PM_1)进行实时的在线表征,发现有机物是PM_1中最主要的组成部分,占比为55%;其次是硫酸盐(24%)与硝酸盐(10%).进一步结合正交矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)对有机组分进行了来源解析.结果表明,一次有机气溶胶(POA)与二次有机气溶胶(SOA)分别占总有机物浓度的34%与66%; POA主要来自机动车源与餐饮源的贡献,且在春季和夏季对有机物的贡献趋于稳定.观测期间共观察到3个二次气溶胶显著生成的过程:其中,春季二次组分的显著增长过程以硫酸盐和老化的有机气溶胶在正午时段上升显著为主要特征,主要受光化学氧化过程的促进;夏季二次组分的显著生成过程主要是液相反应与光化学氧化共同促进的结果,如液相反应过程中,硝酸盐浓度与颗粒相水含量有较好的相关性(R~2=0. 72),而光化学氧化期间SOA浓度与大气氧化性(O_x)有较好的相关性.总体而言,二次组分是上海城市大气气溶胶颗粒物中最重要的组成部分,二次有机与无机组分在PM_1颗粒物中占比分别为35. 5%和43%,光化学氧化与液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.     

南京秋冬季非难熔性亚微米颗粒物来源解析

利用Aerodyne高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪（HR-ToF-AMS）对南京北郊秋冬季非难熔性亚微米气溶胶（NR-PM₁）的化学组分（包括有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐和氯化物）和特征进行实时在线监测,并利用多元线性模型（ME-2）对其中复杂的有机物进行来源解析.观测期间,有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、氯化物对NR-PM₁的贡献分别为42%,28%,15%,13%和2%.有机物解析出6类有机气溶胶：烃类有机气溶胶（HOA）、烹饪类有机气溶胶（COA）、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶（BBOA）、高氧化有机气溶胶（MO-OOA）、低氧化有机气溶胶（LO-OOA）、液相反应生成氧化有机气溶胶（aq-OOA）,平均浓度分别占总有机气溶胶的18%,14%,19%,19%,11%和19%.通过不同污染事件的对比结果表明,本次观测期间二次气溶胶在污染时期占比会明显上升并且液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.     

Size distribution and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol formed from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution and chemical composition of SOA particles were measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer and the aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS), respectively. According to a large number of single aerosol diameter and mass spectra, the size distribution and chemical composition of SOA were obtained statistically. Experimental results showed that SOA particles created by Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene is predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m (i.e., PM2.5), and glyoxal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzoquinone, benzoic acid, benzyl hydroperoxide and benzyl methyl nitrate are the major products components in the SOA. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products are also proposed.     

南京市不同季节大气亚微米颗粒物化学组分在线观测研究

本研究利用Aerodyne气溶胶化学组分监测仪在典型冬季重污染(12月)和夏季(8月)时期分别对南京城市大气非难熔性亚微米细颗粒物(NR-PM1)进行连续在线观测.结果表明,NR-PM1的组分平均贡献为(8月,12月):有机物(51.8%,44%)、硝酸盐(12.8%,23%)、硫酸盐(20.9%,13%)、铵盐(14%,16.8%)、氯化物(0.5%,3.2%).硝酸盐和硫酸盐在8月和12月呈现不同的日变化,如硝酸盐在12月白天呈现增加趋势,表明白天光化学作用对硝酸盐形成起主导作用;12月高浓度的硫酸盐在较高相对湿度的夜间被观测到,而8月在午后出现峰值,这表明在12月和8月硫酸盐的形成可能分别被液相生成和气相光化学作用驱动.8月臭氧污染期间,硝酸盐通过非均相反应在夜间快速形成,日出后,SO_2-4和氧化态有机气溶胶(OOA)同时增加表明二次气溶胶的形成;12月霾污染期间,二次无机组分和具有较高氧化度的OOA逐渐增加.     

不同季节人为氯排放对二次气溶胶影响的数值模拟

利用WRF-CMAQ模式对比有无人为氯排放的模拟试验,定量分析了不同季节人为氯排放对二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的影响.结果表明,人为氯排放对硫酸盐的影响较小,而硝酸盐对人为氯排放较为敏感,Cl^-颗粒物与HNO₃、N₂O₅、NO₃和NO₂均可发生反应生成硝酸盐,同时NH₃也会转化为铵盐.人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季硝酸盐月均浓度分别最高增加9.8 μg/m³(34.3%)、1.5μg/m³(11.4%)、1.3μg/m³(9.1%)和2.6μg/m³(10.3%),铵盐月均浓度分别最高增加3.0μg/m³(30.7%)、0.6μg/m³(10.3%)、0.5μg/m³(6.5%)和1.1μg/m³(8.0%),冬季影响最大,夏季影响最小.人为氯排放增强了Cl原子和OH自由基对VOCs的降解作用,不同种类的SOA浓度略有上升,人为氯排放对SOA浓度影响最大约为6%.二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的增加导致了颗粒物总量的增加,人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季PM₁₀月均浓度分别最高增加14.0μg/m³(18.3%)、2.5μg/m³(3.0%)、1.9μg/m³(2.8%)和4.5μg/m³(4.3%),PM_2.5月均浓度分别最高增加15.0μg/m³(24.4%)、2.1μg/m³(3.5%)、1.2μg/m³(3.2%)和3.9μg/m³(4.4%).人为氯排放的季节性影响从大到小分别为冬、秋、春、夏季,内陆的影响比沿海大.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

天津市机动车二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

通过隧道实验得到天津市机动车排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的物种信息及各物种的浓度数据,检测得到88种VOCs,其中23种VOCs具有二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势.基于天津市机动车尾气挥发性有机污染物的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数(FAC)对天津市机动车排放VOCs的二次有机气溶胶生成潜势进行了估算.结果表明,邻-二甲苯、甲苯、苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯、对-二乙苯是对SOA生成贡献最大的6个物种,各自SOA生成量分别为973.97,721.05,687.31,592.09,571.31,538.59t/a,分别占SOA生成潜势的13.87%、10.27%、9.79%、8.43%、8.13%、7.67%;芳香烃是对SOA生成贡献最大的前体物,其SOA生成量占SOA生成潜势的88.95%.因此,减少机动车芳香烃类物质的排放,可有效地减少SOA的生成量.     

成都秋季大气污染过程VOCs特征及SOA生成潜势

利用在线气相色谱-质谱（GC-FID/MS）监测系统,对成都市城区秋季典型大气污染期间环境空气中的77种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行连续监测,分析了污染前期、污染中期、污染后期VOCs的污染特征、日变化规律.结果表明,成都市城区典型污染前期VOCs体积分数为38.9×10^-9;污染中期VOCs体积分数迅速增加,比污染前期高3.7倍,达到143.4×10^-9,污染后期VOCs体积分数为35.7×10^-9.污染前期VOCs日变化不明显,污染中期、后期VOCs日变化呈双峰性,分别出现在每天车流量高峰时段.此外,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）评估了不同污染阶段VOCs对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势,污染前期、污染中期、污染后期SOA浓度值分别为1.1,3.1,1.5 μg/m³,芳香烃是SOA的主要前体物.     

Assessing the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation from a typical biomass burning compound

The atmospheric chemistry in complex air pollution remains poorly understood. In order to probe how environmental conditions can impact the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biomass burning emissions, we investigated the photooxidation of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) under different environmental conditions in a smog chamber. It was found that SO₂ could promote the formation of SOA and increase the amounts of inorganic salts produced during the photooxidation. The formation rate of SOA and the corresponding SOA mass concentration increased gradually with the increasing DMF/OH ratio. The addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ seed aerosol accelerated the SOA formation rate and significantly shortened the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium. Additionally, a relatively high illumination intensity promoted the formation of OH radicals and, correspondingly, enhanced the photooxidation of DMF. However, the enhancement of light intensity accelerated the aging of SOA, which led to a gradual decrease of the SOA mass concentration. This work shows that by having varying influence on atmospheric chemical reactions, the same environmental factor can affect SOA formation in different ways. The present study is helpful for us to better understand atmospheric complex pollution.     

复合污染条件下人为源VOCs的SOA生成研究进展

大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)仍是我国空气质量持续改善的重大挑战.近年来,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)对PM_2.5的贡献日益凸显.因此,深入认识复合污染条件下SOA生成机制和影响因素可以为进一步降低PM_2.5提供重要理论依据.实验室模拟是深入认识SOA生成机制的关键途径,也是模式模拟参数化方案的可靠来源之一.主要综述了我国多污染物共存条件下典型人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)的SOA生成研究进展,包括汽油蒸气VOCs、生物质燃烧VOCs和含氧VOCs形成SOA过程中,前体物浓度、芳香烃含量、无机气体、种子气溶胶和相对湿度(RH)等不同因素对SOA生成的影响;阐述了实际大气VOCs的SOA生成潜势及其影响因素,最后提出了目前在SOA机制研究方面存在的关键科学问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

南京城区夏季大气VOCs的来源及对SOA的生成研究——以亚青和青奥期间为例

运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年和2014年的8月对南京市区大气中VOCs进行观测,结果表明,VOCs的浓度分别为51.73×10^-9和77.47×10^-9.利用OH消耗速率（L^OH）有效评估VOCs的大气化学反应活性.烯烃和芳香烃是这2年夏季南京市大气VOCs中对L^OH贡献最大的关键活性组分.用FAC法估算南京SOA生成潜势,得到2013和2014年夏季SOA浓度分别为1.95μg/m³和1.01μg/m³;烷烃和芳香烃对SOA的生成潜势分别占4.01%、94.8%和4.46%、94.57%.用PMF模型对南京VOCs进行来源解析,结果表明,2013年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为燃料挥发（22.7%）、其次为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（19.5%）、石油化工业（13.5%）、汽车尾气排放（17.7%）、天然源排放（13.4%）和涂料/溶剂的使用（13.2%）,而2014年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（35.2%）、其次为石油化工业（20.6%）、不完全燃烧（20.5%）、燃料挥发（15.7%）和汽车尾气排放（8.1%）.