Assessing the impact of air pollution sources in Hong Kong, a densely populated city

As the simple dispersion model tested is not sufficiently accurate to predict the SO2 concentration in complex terrain commonly encountered amongst high rise buildings in Hong Kong, and the lack of comprehensive local wind data at most sites prevents the use of more advanced dispersion model to assess the impact of major air pollutant sources, a receptor model approach is adopted for the apportionment of air pollution sources in Hong Kong. The preliminary results obtained are presented and discussed.     

Development and experience in the monitoring,assessment and control of environmentalpollutants in Hong Kong

The late start of environmental protection in Hong Kong was discussed in the light of problems encountered during the development of environmental protection legislation in Hong Kong for the past 20 years. The collaboration in monitoring and assessment of environmental pollutants between the University of Hong Kong and various governments were descrbed in parallel with the progress in environmental protection in Hong Kong. The developments of new analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and analysis is given and their application in environmental control described. The joint projects in assessment and control of environmental pollutants carried out in collaboration with local industries and other organizations within and without the university are given and discussed. The problems and possible solution facing Hong Kong in development control equipment for small scale industries are discussed and areas of development identified. The development and experience in the monitoring assessment and co     

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

地面气象观测资料在空气法规模型的标准化研究

以云量、风速、风向、温度3类地面气象观测数据的获取方法为研究对象,探讨如何规范地面气象观测数据在模型中的标准化应用.结合我国2008年颁布的《环境影响评价技术导则 大气环境》推荐的模型AERMOD对所需要的地面气象数据需求,并以内蒙古自治区正蓝旗上都电厂SO2实测数据为验证数据,在模型其他输入参数不变的情况下,利用试验站10min和1h地面气象数据,并分别以低云量和总云量代替蔽光云量,设置4种情景.其中,情景一使用试验站10min地面气象数据,并用低云量代替蔽光云量.与情景一相比,情景二使用总云量代替蔽光云量,情景三使用1h地面气象数据,情景四使用试验站1h地面气象数据,并用总云量代替蔽光云量.4种情景除了上述不同点,其他地面气象参数均相同.结果表明,在4种情景中,情景二、三、四的FB值均小于情景一,更靠近0.关于RHCR值,情景三和四更靠近于1,分别为1.33和1.41,表明在预测高端值时,情景三和四的效果更好.情景二的RHCR值为1.51,大于情景三,说明风相较于云对模型模拟结果影响更大.由FB值、RHCR值以及Q—Q图的综合分析得出,情景四的模拟值更接近实际监测值,其采用的地面气象数据全面符合本研究所推荐的数据标准化应用方法, 规范了模型数据标准化应用,提升了大气环境影响评价预测精度.     

不同天气系统影响下广东省酸雨特征对比分析 ——气象场数值模拟

运用WRF模式对3种不同天气系统(冷锋,低压槽以及台风)造成的广东省酸雨个例进行数值模拟,结合实际测站资料对酸雨分布特征及影响酸雨过程的风场、湿度场以及温度场进行分析.结果表明个例中酸雨主要分布在珠江三角洲区域以及重工业区韶关.不同天气系统影响下的降水酸度略有不同,台风个例降水pH值最高(5.81),其后依次为低压槽降水(5.60)及冷锋降水(5.40). 冷锋降水个例中酸雨的分布及变化主要受风速,风向,相对湿度及逆温的影响,低压槽和台风降水个例中的酸雨分布及变化主要受降水量和风速的影响.风速和降水量的增加有利于缓解降水的酸度,而逆温层的存在及不同风向的辐合作用有利于降水酸度的增加.     

边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响

采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11~15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大（平均高估0.66m/s）,对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估（高估可达2.6m/s）;基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM_2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM_2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM_2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM_2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.     

WRF模式最优参数化方案在不同空气质量模式的应用

精准的气象场和适用的空气质量模式是优化大气污染模拟的重要途径.为提升四川盆地冬季大气污染模拟效果,利用WRF模式25组参数化方案组合,进行气象场模拟试验,基于最优方案数据,以四川盆地某大型钢铁厂为例,分别驱动AERMOD模式和CALPUFF模式,通过研究区域4个国控站数据对模拟结果进行对比验证.结果表明,WRF模式参数化方案选取对地面风场、高空风场和地面湿度场模拟效果影响较大,对地面温度场、高空温度场和高空湿度场模拟效果影响较小,SLAB陆面过程方案、 Dudhia短波辐射方案分别与YSU、 ACM2、 BouLac和MRF边界层方案的组合,均能较好地模拟四川盆地冬季地面风场、温度场和湿度场的变化趋势,结合高空风温湿统计参数综合分析可知,第1组方案适用于达州气象场模拟,第13组和第17组方案分别适用于成都白天和夜间时段气象场模拟.CALPUFF模拟结果与监测值的相关性整体优于AERMOD,从站点角度分析,CALPUFF在国控站3号的模拟效果相较AERMOD提升较大,在国控站2号的模拟效果提升较小,从大气污染物角度分析,4个国控站CALPUFF对NO_x和PM     

香港住宅室内环境及污染暴露量研究

对选定的14间香港住宅的PM10、CO、NO2等主要室内污染物浓度进行监测，通过建立多元线性回归模型，分析了室内．外PM10浓度与居民室内各种活动等其它有关因素之间的相关关系．结合香港居民日常时间安排调查的结果，计算出各种室内污染物的暴露量，对住宅室内环境污染对居民健康的影响进行了初步评估，提出了改善住宅室内环境的一些建议。     

香港海沙资源的勘探开发与管理

海沙开采已成为仅次于油气开采的世界第二重要海洋开采业。1980年代以来,香港政府投资1.7×10⁸港元为寻找海岸围垦填料进行了一系列的海沙勘探活动,在1828km²香港水域发现22个地点海沙资源储量7.4×10⁸m³,其中9个地点4.2×10⁸m³储量因覆盖层较厚或污染严重或海区环境特别敏感等原因被暂时搁置。1990～2002年共开采海沙2.7×10⁸m³,为形成2100hm²新土地的多项围垦工程提供了约一半的填料。基于地球物理勘探和钻探资料建立了香港海域第四纪层序和海沙产状地质模型,发现和证实了含气沉积物地震剖面的声波浑浊现象。香港政府对海沙资源进行统一勘探和统一管理,强调海沙开采的环境和生态影响评估,利用废弃的海床挖沙坑回填倾废的非污染海泥和受污染海泥。我国内地海沙勘探管理可以从中取得借鉴。     

Emissions trading in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region—A modeling approach to trade decisions in Hong Kong's electricity industry

In 2002, the Hong Kong government and the Guangdong provincial government agreed to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, respirable suspended particulates, and volatile organic compounds by 40%, 20%, 55%, and 55%, respectively. There was strong public demand for the power stations in Hong Kong to reduce emissions. Emission caps were introduced, with allowances for the trading of emission credits. However, local power stations were using equipment built in the 1980s and 1990s, making it difficult for them to meet the new emissions requirements. The situation presented a new challenge, which involved a choice of either improving the existing equipment, or using emissions trading to meet the emission caps. This study reviews the background on emissions in Hong Kong and the surrounding regions, the “cap and trade” system, and the technologies used for power generation and emission reduction. A modeling approach is adopted to simulate the equipment, the electricity dispatching requirements, and the costs of either reducing emissions or trading emission credits. Data from a power station in Hong Kong was chosen for the simulation. Different options were simulated in the model to identify the optimal strategy. The results were then compared with the plan for emission reduction. This study demonstrates that a modeling approach using linear programming can analyze the complicated options involving emission reduction and investments to achieve an optimized business solution.     

香港与广州市汽车尾气污染比较

采用较先进自动分析仪器,连续４年在香港九龙青山道及连续９天广州市解放中路,对汽车尾气污染进行监测。结果表明,香港九龙青山道汽车尾气污染较轻,１９８８年和１９８９年基本满足中国国家大气环境质量二级标准的要求。广州市解放中路汽车尾气污染严重。超过国家大气环境质量三级标准,车流组成与行车速度的差异是造成香港与广州市两地汽车气污染差别的主要原因。     

上海市空气质量中NO2与气象因子的相关性分析及其浓度预报模型的建立

对上海市2008年环境空气中NO2及气温、露点、湿度、气压、风速等气象因子分别进行了相关性分析,结果表明NO2与上述气象因子均具有显著相关性;以2008年NO2与上述气象因子的日均值数据为基础,采用因子分析与多元回归建立NO2日均浓度预报模型,相关系数砰达到0．839。模型计算结果表明,影响NO2日均浓度的主要气象因子为风速、湿度、温度;采用2009年1月至5月同类监测资料对该模型进行检验,结果显示检验值与实测值的平均相对误差和平均偏差分别为14．68％和10．96％。故模型可作为上海市环境空气NO2日均浓度预报的参考方法。     

Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating

This study investigated the impact of important environmental variables (i.e.,wind speed,solar radiation and cloud cover) on urban heating.Meteorological parameters for fifteen years (from 1990 to 2005),collected at a well developed and densely populated commercial area (Tsim Sha Tsui,Hong Kong),were analyzed in details.Urban heat island intensity (UHII),a well known indicator of urban heating,has been determined as the spatially averaged air-temperature difference between Tsim Sha Tsui and Ta Kwu Ling (a thinly populated rural area with lush vegetation).Results showed that the UHII and cloud cover have increased by around 9.3% and 4%,respectively,whereas the wind speed and solar radiation have decreased by around 24% and 8.5%,respectively.The month of December experienced the highest UHII (10.2°C) but the lowest wind speed (2.6 m/sec) and cloud cover (3.8 oktas).Conversely,the month of April observed the highest increases in the UHII (over 100%) and the highest decreases in wind speed (over 40 %) over fifteen years.Notably,the increases in the UHII and reductions in the wind speed were the highest during the night-time and early morning.Conversely,the intensity of solar radiation reduced while the intensity of urban cool island (UCII) increased during solar noon-time.Results demonstrated strong negative correlation between the UHII and wind speed (coefficient of determination,R2=0.8) but no negative correlation between UCII and solar radiation attenuation.A possible negative correlation between UHII and cloud cover was investigated but could not be substantiated.     

浦口地区气溶胶和气象条件的关系

分析了浦口地区同步观测的大气气溶胶和气象资料,得到了浦口地区气溶胶与风向,风速、降水等气象要素关系密切。在偏东风期间,浦口地区的气溶胶主要来自于高架源排放的污染物的输送和扩散。      

大同市大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘污染与气象条件的相关性初探

文章通过大同市云冈宾馆2002年1月和8月的大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘的浓度及同期的气象观测资料,对温度、风速、湿度等气象要素对大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘的影响进行了研究,初步分析了它们的相关关系,此工作对城市大气颗粒物中的苯并(a)芘污染的控制和预测具有重要意义.     

香港安山-英安质古火山颈群

香港中侏罗世屯门组火山岩主要由安山质熔岩、凝灰岩和凝灰角砾岩夹少量凝灰质砂岩组成。其中凝灰角砾岩初期曾误认为是沉积砾岩。1990年香港地质调查组重新研究后,确认是火山成因的凝灰角砾岩。按岩相分析,屯门组火山岩可分为火山通道相安山-英安质熔岩和爆发角砾岩,还有爆发空落相凝灰角砾岩。火山通道相又可分为火山颈相和岩墙相,分布在屯门组东西两侧。在青山东麓,出露一列NNW向呈断续、线状分布的火山颈群。近年来新出版的《香港地质考察指引》和《香港工程地质实践》等地质著作仍将该区爆发角砾岩误认为是沉积成因的砾岩,在地质勘探和工程设计上造成混乱,导致不应有的经济和时间上的损失。本文综合最新研究成果并与世界各地同类火山岩的特征进行对比,确证火山通道相爆发角砾岩的存在,并发现呈线状分布的古火山颈群。     

基于生态补偿的社会经济发展调控研究-以深圳水库为例

深圳水库负责深港地区的供水,其中向香港地区的供水占香港总用水量的70%左右,战略地位极其重要。然而,深圳水库却面临水华爆发的危险。除东江来水的原因外,水库周边区域的社会经济活动构成了水库水质恶化的根源。因此本文提出了基于生态补偿的社会经济调控,以期达到保证深港地区的供水安全的目的。     

北京市平原区裸露地风蚀扬尘排放量

以北京市平原区为研究对象,基于美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的陆地卫星（Landsat系列）遥感资料,设计算法批量提取裸露地信息,并结合通用扬尘排放模型,计算估计北京市平原区的裸露地风蚀扬尘源中PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放系数及年排放量,建立了北京市各区的裸露地风蚀扬尘排放清单.研究表明,1987~2016年间北京市平原区裸露地面积减小了约600km²;风蚀扬尘最严重的地区为大兴区,其次为通州区;以气候年均值为参数计算获得,2016年北京平原区裸露地由于风蚀扬尘效应产生的PM₁₀年排放量为7591.7t,这一排放量与前人研究估算的北京裸地风蚀扬尘PM₁₀排放量较为接近.在此基础上,进一步引入月和季度尺度气候参数,并对模型进行改进,探讨了逐月和季度累计的扬尘排放结果.进一步的研究表明：北京市平原区裸露地面积具有显著季节变化特征,2月裸露地面积最大,可达4500km²,8月最小为500km²;基于月气候参数和季度气候参数结合每月卫星资料反演获得的裸地面积估算,逐月累计的PM₁₀年排放量可达55175t,分季度累计PM₁₀年排放量为39294t.这说明当前常采用的裸地扬尘估算方法,由于扬尘排放模型的气候参数采用年均值,忽视了风蚀过程的季节差异,将会导致裸地风蚀扬尘的极大低估.     

内蒙古地区沙尘天气频率及其影响因素分析

基于内蒙古中西部地区45年（1961～2005年）的气象资料、沙尘暴资料,讨论内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴频率变化趋势和气候动力因子对沙尘暴频率的影响。利用风速、降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、大风日数等基本气象资料,建立新的影响沙尘天气的气候影响指数D模型,该模型不仅考虑影响沙尘暴的动力条件,而且也把影响沙尘暴发生的下垫面稳定情况纳入模型,所模拟的结果更趋近于现实。对各气象站计算的结果显示,气候影响指数D模型与沙尘天气频率有很好的线性关系,这种线性关系具有明显的区域特征。     

An overview of emissions trading and its prospects in Hong Kong

With the approval of the Chinese central government, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) decided to participate in a regional emissions trading (ET) pilot scheme in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. This scheme, instead of aiming to curb global warming, is geared mostly toward reducing air pollutant (that is, SO₂, NO_x, RSP, and VOCs) emissions by 20–55% by 2010, thus improving air quality in the region. Both the HKSAR and the Guangdong Provincial Governments will impose emission caps on their respective power plants in the region and allocate emissions credits to them. This study explores the background of this regional ET scheme and correlates it with the emissions reduction scenario to provide more details for assessing its applicability to Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. Although practicing ET in the PRD region presents many challenges, establishing an appropriate ET scheme is of paramount importance for Hong Kong, as well as other cities in the PRD region, to achieve a sustainable air quality.