137 Cs在我国滨海核电周边海洋生物的富集及生态风险研究

铯-137(~(137)Cs)是滨海核电站液态流出物中主要人工放射性核素和重要监控指标之一,易被水生生物累积,有关核电周边海域内海洋生物的核素富集状况备受关注。通过分析海洋生物富集放射性~(137)Cs的方式、生物富集系数的种群特征、人工放射性核素在生物体内的辐射剂量率状况,结果显示:1)滨海核电周边海域内~(137)Cs的放射性水平较低; 2)海洋生物对于~(137)Cs的富集未呈现显著的种群规律; 3)目前对放射性铯的富集能力较高的生物主要是底栖生物; 4)核电厂周边海域内海洋生物通常未达到可导致电离辐射损伤的辐射剂量率水平。随着滨海核电在我国的大力发展,对能够快速反映环境放射性状况的指示生物的筛选、生物放射性质量安全及其生态健康风险需进一步关注。     

拉萨河放射性核素238U和232Th分布特征及健康风险评估

为了解拉萨河中放射性核素238 U和232 Th的污染水平及其对人类的致癌风险,利用拉萨河中下游和堆龙曲支流16个采样点水样的238 U和232 Th含量,采取美国环境保护局(U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)推荐的放射性核素健康风险评价方法,评估不同年龄人群因饮水途径摄入核素的致癌风险.结果表明,拉萨河中238U和232Th平均活度浓度分别为(2.62±3.46)×10-2 Bq·L-1和(2.3±0.478)×10-3 Bq·L-1,比我国地表水平均值分别高31％和低61.7％;238U和232Th含量沿程分别呈波动稳定和波动变化的趋势;不同人群平均总致癌风险分别为(4.81±4.61)×10-8(幼儿组)、(2.29±1.81)×10-8(少年组)和(3.08±2.13)×10-8 a-1(成年组),均低于1×10-6 a-1(US EPA标准)和我国地表水平均致癌风险值,但对幼儿的致癌危害最大;238U和232Th的致癌风险贡献率随年龄的增长分别下降和上升;建议对羊八井镇附近河水进行持续监测,确保地热资源开发不会造成拉萨河放射性核素的污染.本研究不仅可以为拉萨河放射性核素污染的研究提供参考,而且可以为拉萨河未来的环境保护提供科学依据.     

河流放射性核素水体弥散模型及其应用

随着我国核能及核技术利用产业的迅速发展,放射性物质运输对饮用水水源地的潜在放射性污染健康风险越来越大,阐明事故情况下放射性物质在地表水体中的迁移弥散行为可为居民饮水健康风险防范提供科学依据。针对含钴-60、铯-137、锶-90货包公路运输在事故工况下放射性物质释放造成黄河兰州段河流型饮用水源放射性污染,讨论了河流放射性物质弥散模型和居民饮用水的健康风险。结合国内现有放射源活度水平及国内外放射性物质事故资料,考虑泥沙的影响,设定铯-137不同活度水平、不同流量情形,根据饮用水中铯-137的死亡风险系数和患病风险系数对距离事故点为64 km、114 km的河流下游两个饮用水源地居民饮用受污染自来水存在的健康风险进行评估,同时选择钴-60、锶-90两种核素以30年间河水平均流量偏小值为例进行对比评估。放射性核素在黄河河流的稀释作用下,由饮用受钴-60、铯-137、锶-90污染的水随放射源活度、河水流量及泥沙含量的变化存在不同程度的死亡风险与患病风险。因此,应当对受到放射性污染的水源及时采取适当措施,预防放射性核素造成的风险。     

铀尾矿库区稻田土中放射性核素的空间分布和放射性水平评价

以我国南方某铀尾矿库下游稻田土壤为研究对象,通过现场取样与室内检测,对土壤中放射性核素238U、226Ra、232Th、40K的比活度进行空间分析。同时采用γ辐射吸收剂量率和年有效剂量法进行土壤环境放射性水平评价,得出土壤中所检测的4种典型核素放射性比活度差异较大。在土壤表层和剖面,226Ra和40K的均值、最大比活度和标准差均较高,232Th和238U较低。而226Ra含量超出当地背景值较多。剖面上4种放射性核素比活度均有随深度降低的趋势,高值出现在土壤浅层,这可能与土壤的有机质含量等有关。综合垂向和平面上的分布特征可知核素232Th、40K的迁移能力比238U、226Ra弱。放射性水平评价结果显示:研究区土壤年有效剂量率平均值小于联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会和全国年有效剂量率的推荐背景值,但是γ辐射吸收剂量率均值高出全国和世界平均水平的3倍。准确定量评价了尾矿库对居民造成的辐射影响,同时为放射性核素在周边稻田植物根系中的迁移机理研究提供基础资料。     

乐安河流域城市人群铜膳食暴露及健康风险

铜是人体必需的微量元素之一,但其过量摄入可能对人体健康带来潜在危害。为研究江西省乐安河流域铜矿开采区附近城市居民膳食铜暴露量及其健康风险的特征,在乐安河流域的上、中、下游选择3个典型城区(德兴市、乐平市和鄱阳县),分别采集蔬菜、大米、肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶共6类食物(蔬菜、大米、肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶)样品66份。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定食品的铜含量,并根据居民膳食结构特征,以危害指数为评价指标评估3个典型地区的儿童、青少年、成年人、老年人由铜摄入导致的非致癌风险。结果表明,6类食物中铜含量分别为(4.40±2.23)、(2.61±1.13)、(0.48±0.21)、(0.74±0.26)、(0.80±0.09)、(0.05±0.02)mg?kg~(-1)。蔬菜和大米中铜含量远高于肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶,两者对人群的膳食铜摄入量贡献之和占总体的90%以上。3个研究城区膳食铜摄入量顺序为德兴乐平鄱阳。乐安河流域城市人群膳食铜摄入导致的非致癌风险大于1的比例顺序为儿童(68.8%)青少年(38.6%)成年人(16.9%)老年人(12.3%),其中,德兴市区儿童HQ1的比例为78.0%,乐平为69.0%,鄱阳为59.4%。表明该流域低年龄人群的铜暴露值得重点关注。本研究根据膳食结构全面考虑多种食物类型对膳食铜摄入的贡献,并将研究人群按年龄划分不同年龄段,分别进行健康风险评价。研究结果对居民健康饮食和政策制定具有一定参考意义。     

兰州地区人群对多环芳烃的暴露及健康风险评价

采用多介质-多途径暴露模型,评价兰州地区居民暴露于多环芳烃的健康风险,分析风险来源、暴露介质及暴露途径,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性。结果表明,兰州地区居民中男性和女性对环境中多环芳烃的终身日平均暴露量分别为4.55×10-4和5.07×10-4mg.kg-1.d-1。暴露途径中食物摄取是最主要途径,食物中贡献较大的为谷物。相应的男性和女性的健康风险度分别为4.12×10-5.a-1和4.80×10-5.a-1,兰州地区多环芳烃类污染物居民人体健康风险度远远高于可接受健康风险度的标准。兰州地区女性对多环芳烃的暴露量高于男性,女性健康风险平均值亦远远高于EPA标准值,兰州地区女性乳腺癌发病率较高可能与长时间低剂量多环芳烃暴露有一定的关系。兰州地区多环芳烃人群暴露与天津和北京相比存在一定的差异。     

南京市蔬菜中滴滴涕和六六六的残留及摄食暴露分析

为研究有机氯农药在食物中的残留及人群的摄食暴露,在2015年5月采集了南京市居民普遍食用的10种蔬菜,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行检测。研究表明滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)在蔬菜中均有检出,∑DDTs的残留量为1.78~5.29 ng·g~(-1),∑HCHs的残留量为0.21~4.77 ng·g~(-1),其中∑10OCPs(有机氯农药)含量最高的蔬菜是藕(10.07 ng·g~(-1)),含量最低的是青菜(2.32 ng·g~(-1))。通过来源分析发现,蔬菜中DDTs可能有新的输入,而HCHs则主要源于历史残留。通过对不同人群的每日摄取量(EDI)进行摄食暴露分析发现,儿童的摄食暴露量要高于同性别其他年龄段人群,在儿童和未成年阶段,男性的暴露量普遍高于女性,而在成年和老年阶段,男性的暴露量低于女性。平均而言,各年龄段人群对γ-HCH和DDTs的日均口摄暴露量(EDI)值远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)所规定的ADI值,表明在目前蔬菜消费量下,南京市居民通过摄入蔬菜引起的健康风险水平较低。     

保定市区生活饮用水中重金属污染物健康风险初步评价

以保定市3个市区的居民生活饮用水为研究对象,对其中Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属离子的含量进行了调查研究,并采用我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)和目前美国环保署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对各市区饮用水中重金属所引起的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,保定市各市区饮用水中重金属平均浓度范围分别为Mn:5.31—13.7μg·L-1,Cu:3.24—7.46μg·L-1,Zn:96.3—107μg·L-1,As:0.72—0.78μg·L-1,Cd:0.03—0.05μg·L-1,Hg:1.69—1.79μg·L-1,Pb:0.26—1.16μg·L-1,均未超出《生活饮用水卫生标准》.通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,As在北市区所引起的致癌风险最大(5.3×10-6a-1),Cd在新市区的致癌风险最大(1.4×10-7a-1),但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10-5a-1);在保定市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中,Zn的风险最大,Hg次之,但两者风险水平均在10-6—10-8之间,也低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受水平.此外,研究还表明大部分给水管材及其使用年限对水中重金属浓度影响不大.     

南丹县矿区周边土壤与农产品重金属含量调查及健康风险评价

为评估南丹县矿业密集区及其周边区域人群重金属暴露风险,分别采集土壤,蔬菜、玉米、大米和道路灰尘样品分析其As、Pb和Cd含量.结果表明,农田土壤中仅As超过调查区土壤基线值的2.2倍,矿区土壤以及灰尘As、Pb、Cd含量均值分别超过调查区土壤基线值的131.3、6.9、2.9倍和79.5、12.3、43.8倍.参照《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012),蔬菜和玉米中As、Pb、Cd超标率分别为4.2%、16.7%、38.9%和2.5%、20.0%、22.5%,大米中Pb未超标,As和Cd超标率为27.8%和22.2%.根据HQ值分析得出,通过摄入灰尘和农产品对当地居民造成的健康风险极大,且儿童受到的影响大于成人.     

重庆市居民重金属膳食摄入水平研究

为了解重庆市居民砷、镉、汞的膳食摄入水平,采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取重庆市1213户居民为调查对象,应用中国总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要食物样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)和冷原子吸收分光光度法(CVAAS)测定了砷、镉、汞的含量,并运用FAO/WHO推荐的ADI值/PTWI值评价了居民膳食摄入的健康风险.结果显示,1)蛋类砷含量为允许限量的3.0倍;水果类镉含量为允许限量的2.4倍,汞含量为允许限量的4.0倍;2)各年龄组对砷、汞的膳食摄入量均低于ADI值,对镉的摄入量则大大超过ADI值.谷类和水果是各年龄组人群摄入砷、镉的主要膳食来源,水果类是汞的主要膳食来源;3)农村居民摄入的3种重金属含量均低于城镇居民,城乡居民对砷、汞的摄入量在允许限量ADI值的范围内,但通过食物摄入的镉含量超过了允许限量ADI值,达到ADI值的121%.     

贵阳和万山地区部分蔬菜中的重金属含量及其健康风险

以贵州省贵阳市和万山地区为例,对购自当地自由市场的部分蔬菜中的重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Mn、As的含量进行了测定,并以国际放射防护委员会(ICRP,International Commissionon Radiological Protection)给出的限定值为标准,对某些重金属含量超标的蔬菜进行了健康风险评价.结果表明:除个别蔬菜的As和Mn外,万山地区蔬菜中的重金属含量均明显高于贵阳地区;两地蔬菜中的As、Pb含量均低于国家限定值(GB4810-1994、GB14935-1994),而部分蔬菜中的Cd、Hg含量均明显超出国家限定值(GB15201-1994、GB2762-1994).风险评价结果表明贵阳和万山两地的蔬菜可能存在重金属Cd、Hg、Pb的中、轻度污染;存在Cd污染的蔬菜对人体的年致癌风险为3.40×10-7·a-1,非致癌物Hg和Pb对人体的总健康风险分别为3.63×10-7·a-1、1.69×10-6·a-1,均低于ICRP标准.     

大亚湾浮游植物群落结构变化及其对水温上升的响应

大亚湾核电站1994年建成运行。文章研究大亚湾长时期的生态和环境变化,分析大亚湾浮游植物群落结构变化与环境变化,特别是水温上升的相关性。研究显示,网采浮游植物种类数目在1994年后减少了16种;1994—2004年间,网采浮游植物细胞相对密度以2.13×107m^-3·a^-1的速率下降,而在1985—2004年间核电站建站的下降速率为2.85×106m^-3·a^-1;与1982年和1994年相比,1998年的浮游植物群落优势种中细胞个体相对较大的种的比重下降,细胞个体相对较小的种的比重上升;从1985年到2003年,叶绿素a（Chl-a）质量浓度的上升速率为0.069mg·m^-3·a^-1,而1994年到2003年的上升速率加快,为0.076mg·m^3·a^-1。与此同时,大亚湾的水温在1994年后明显上升,海水盐度、溶解氧（DO）、化学耗氧量（COD）、和营养盐在1994年后变化幅度也增大。研究结果揭示,核电站热排放导致的水温上升是影响大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。     

Sediment accumulation and bio-diffusion mixing rates derived from excess <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb and <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs profiles in sediment cores of Mumbai Harbor Bay

Bio-diffusion mixing rates (D_b) were estimated from depth profiles of excess ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs in three sediment cores collected from Mumbai Harbour Bay (MHB) using a steady state vertical advection - diffusion model. The mean of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs derived D_b values along the studied area were obtained to be about 23 and 36 cm²y^?1 respectively. These derived values were within the range of literature values reported for other equivalent environment internationally. The relatively higher D_b values for ¹³⁷Cs profiles demonstrated that particles have diffused more intensely within the surface layer of sediments over 1 year. Conversely, low D_b values for ²¹⁰Pb indicate slow mixing rates in the sediment profile which might be resulted from low ²¹⁰Pb flux and diffusion of ²²²Rn to the seafloor. The significant differences between ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs derived D_b values among cores indicate that there appeared to be as regional differences in sediment properties and local variability in the intensity of seafloor mixing. Furthermore, D_b values also depend on differences in characteristic time and depth scales of radionuclides in cores, benthic fauna abundances, organic carbon flux to the sediments and primary production in overlying surface waters. Comparison of ²¹⁰Pb derived D_b values with those calculated from ¹³⁷Cs distributions reveals better agreement for core 2 than core 1 and 3. The agreement may be fortuitous because ¹³⁷Cs appears significantly deeper than ²¹⁰Pb in all cores. It was also observed that D_b values increases as sediment accumulation rate increases for both radionuclide.     

Uptake of 137Cs in cultured fresh water fish (Cyprinus carpio): Physiological and histological effects

An experiment was conducted in fresh‐water fish (Cyprinus carpio) cultured, in small water tanks, artificially contaminated with radioactive ¹³⁷Cs (3000 Bq/1) to determine the uptake of ¹³⁷Cs and its physiological and histological effects in different fish organs.

It was found that ¹³⁷Cs was located in muscular tissues, gills, head muscles, liver and kidneys. Moderate amounts were found in spleen, eyes, gonads, intestine and urinary bladder. It seems that sorption was of much less importance than ingestion in the uptake of ¹³⁷Cs. The histological examination in musculature tissue, revealed an acute hyperemia with focal hemorrages which may be due to allergic effects of ¹³⁷Cs. Hyperemia and focal fatty degeneration of hepatic cells was also noted in the liver which may be due to toxic effects of ¹³⁷Cs diffused hyperemia has also occurred in the brain and focal degeneration of epithelial cells of renal tubules.     

川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征

利用137Cs示踪方法与耕作侵蚀模型评价了川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率,并通过比较分析方法探讨了2种典型坡耕地-短陡坡与缓长坡耕地-土壤侵蚀特征差异。结果表明,短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率高达52.6 t.hm-2.a-1,是缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率（26.7 t.hm-2.a-1）的2倍。耕作侵蚀是短陡坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,它整体性搬运土壤,其对土壤总侵蚀的贡献高达74%。水蚀是缓长坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,其分选性搬运土壤,对土壤总侵蚀的贡献为55%。短陡坡耕地与缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率均沿着向下坡方向逐渐降低,但短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率下降梯度明显高于缓长坡耕地。耕作侵蚀导致两种坡耕地的坡顶土壤损失最为严重。因此,川中丘陵区的耕作侵蚀风险应该引起重视。     

Temperature effects on accumulation and retention of radionuclides in the sea star,Asterias forbesi: implications for contaminated northern waters

Radioactive waste disposal and nuclear testing concentrated in high latitudes in the northern hemisphere have resulted in the accumulation of radionuclides in Arctic marine ecosystems, but little is known of the consequences for marine biota in these waters. Under controlled laboratory conditions in May through September 1994, we examined the bioaccumulation in sea stars, Asterias forbesi (Desor), or the radionuclides ²⁴¹Am, ⁵⁷Co and ¹³⁷Cs, all of which are important components of disposed radioactive wastes. Experiments at 2 and 12°C determined the relative importance of food (the bivalve, Macoma balthica) and water as sources of radionuclides and assessed the influence of temperature on radionuclide influx and efflux rates. The lower temperature greatly increased the retention of radionuclides ingested with food; for instance, the biological half-life (tb _1/2) of ²⁴¹Am in the sea stars was 31 d at 12°C, but was virtually infinite at 2°C. Retention of ingested ⁵⁷Co was also increased at 2°C (tb _1/2=41 d). ¹³⁷Cs was not accumulated from food. Low temperature significantly reduced net influx rates of ¹³⁷Cs from water, but did not affect net uptake of ²⁴¹Am or ⁵⁷Co. Temperature had little effect on the retention of all three isotopes obtained from the dissolved phase. These experiments suggest that extrapolation of results of previous radioecological studies, conducted at warmer temperatures, to polar or temperate winter environments may be problematic, and that nuclear waste isotopes obtained through trophic transfer may be retained far more efficiently in high latitude marine biota than by fauna from warmer ecosystems.     

Cs-137 contamination in forest ecosystems in southwest Rila Mountain, Bulgaria

We studied Cs-137 contamination and radionuclide transfer in mountain forest ecosystems from Bulgaria. Here we show the first analyses of Cs-137 soil-to-plant transfer and we assess that it depends on the soil organic matter content and the specifics of the tree species. The forest litter is strong polluted with Cs-137 and is a barrier for its migration. In the upper 0-5 cm of the soil the Cs content ranges from 52 to 81 Bq kg^–1 then decreases in deeper layers. The 1-year-old needles of spruce, fir, and Scots pine accumulate more cesium than the fine roots. The values of the needles transfer factor range between 0.3 and 0.58. The fine roots transfer factor varies between 0.1 and 0.32.     

Sediment environmental capacity of 137Cs in Daya Bay

Sediment environmental capacity of pollutants is very important for marine environmental management. Based on the methodology of a study on water, soil environmental capacity, and mass conservation theory in a system, the concept and model on sediment environmental capacity for ¹³⁷Cs in Daya Bay were developed. The static capacity for ¹³⁷Cs in the upper sediment near the shore at a shallow area was calculated, and the annual dynamic capacity and total dynamic capacity were also calculated through determination of the typical biomass in the sediment. The results showed that the estimated environmental capacity for ¹³⁷Cs in sediments was approximately equal to the current input of ¹³⁷Cs into the sediments. Controlling the input of ¹³⁷Cs in the sediments within the environmental capacity guarantees the sustainability of the current situation of the Daya Bay ecosystem and avoidance of a significant degradation of the system.     

Retention of 137cesium in acid sulphate soils of South Central Thailand

Adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha^?1) on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26–99.97%) of added ¹³⁷Cs (3.7?×?10³?7.03?×?10⁵ Bq l^?1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher K _ads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ had little influence on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between K _ads and soil pH was observed. The ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09–0.58%) of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial ¹³⁷Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability.