利用枯草芽孢杆菌株间原生质体融合进行差异表型遗传重组…

枯草芽杆菌Ｄ１００和枯草芽孢杆菌ＴＮ１７９同为枯草芽孢杆菌Ｋｉ－２－１３２的两个不同菌株，具有明显的表型差异－它们的融合子Ｄ２７９兼有两亲本的遗传性状，能够在常规培养条件下稳定遗传，但经过ＥＭＳ处理后，即产生形状与各自亲本相似，且伴随菌落颜色，菌体形状和一些主要变化的分离物，从这些分离物的表型改变，得出了基因及连锁的一些遗传信息。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因标记内生枯草芽孢杆菌

用枯草芽孢杆菌168菌株rpsD基因的启动子替换质粒pGFP4412中蜡状芽孢杆菌4412启动子,从而构建了能在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达绿色荧光蛋白基因gfpmut3a的载体pS4GFP,将其导入具有内生、防病、促生作用的野生型枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2菌株中,筛选获得遗传稳定性好且具有良好发光表型的标记菌株BS-2-gfp.该标记菌株在小白菜体内的定殖研究结果表明,该菌株能够在小白菜根际及根、茎、叶内定殖和传导,接菌50d后仍能在其体内分离到标记菌株.图5参17     

喹诺酮类与磺胺类药物对枯草芽孢杆菌与大肠杆菌的联合毒性及其机制初探

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis 168)与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli K12 MG-1655)为实验材料,以3种喹诺酮类药物及典型磺胺类药物为研究对象,分别测定了喹诺酮类药物与磺胺类药物对枯草芽孢杆菌与大肠杆菌的单一毒性及两类药物的联合效应,并对其毒性机制进行初步探讨.研究结果表示,磺胺类药物与喹诺酮类药物对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性比对大肠杆菌的毒性小,可能是因为枯草芽孢杆菌的细胞壁较厚且富含肽聚糖,导致磺胺类药物与喹诺酮类药物较难进入枯草芽孢杆菌,毒性较低;同时大部分磺胺类药物与枯草芽孢杆菌的靶蛋白的结合能力低于其与大肠杆菌的靶蛋白的结合能力也是磺胺类药物对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性比对大肠杆菌的毒性小的另一原因.喹诺酮类药物与磺胺类药物对枯草芽孢杆菌的联合效应表现为拮抗,而对大肠杆菌的联合效应则表现为相加.这两类药物有不同的联合效应,可能是由于枯草芽孢杆菌能够在磺胺类药物的作用下产生芽孢这一抗逆性构造,减弱喹诺酮类药物的杀菌作用.     

短叶对齿藓可培养内生细菌的分离及其发酵产物对宿主植物的影响

采用传统培养法分离内蒙古黄土丘陵区生物结皮的藓类植物优势种——短叶对齿藓(Didymodon tectorum)的内生细菌,并观察代表菌株的发酵产物对宿主植物孢子萌发及原丝体生长的影响.共分离出68株内生细菌,基于16S r DNA序列同源性分析及构建的系统发育树显示,它们分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)下的7个种,其中优势种为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis).枯草芽孢杆菌菌株DT-1和蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株DT-9的石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相萃取物在1μg/m L、10μg/m L及100μg/m L三种浓度下对孢子萌发均无显著影响;石油醚相萃取物在3种浓度下不同程度地抑制原丝体生长;而乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相萃取物则促进原丝体的生长.本研究表明苔藓植物原丝体阶段的生长发育与内生细菌的次生代谢物密切相关,可为干旱、半干旱区藓类生物结皮人工促建提供参考资料和实验依据.     

耐高温α-淀粉酶在溶源性枯草杆菌表达系统中的高效表达

构建了高效表达耐高温α-淀粉酶的枯草芽孢杆菌表达系统,并研究了该表达系统的主要特点.通过PCR扩增由地衣芽孢杆菌的基因组DNA分离高温淀粉酶基因后,将其克隆到质粒pSG703中.然后用pSG703质粒转化含温和性噬菌体φ105MU331的枯草芽孢杆菌,通过同源重组使高温淀粉酶基因插入到溶源性枯草芽孢杆菌的染色体上,并处于φ105MU331的强启动子下游.由于高温淀粉酶基因处于噬菌体的强启动子下游,在热诱导后可以实现高温淀粉酶的高效表达,诱导后8h内分泌到培养液中的高温淀粉酶活性可以达到9.58×103u/mL.本文构建的重组高温淀粉酶表达系统具有稳定、高效和杂蛋白分泌少的特点.图5参16     

降解四氯乙烯厌氧菌的分离和特征

从降解四氯乙烯沼气污泥富集培养物中分离得到4株厌氧菌，其中2株为弧菌（Vibrio），其细胞弧状，分别端单生，丛生鞭毛；1株是杆菌（Bacillus），其细胞杆状，G－，无鞭毛和芽孢；1株为甲烷八叠球菌（Methanosarcina），其细胞球状，成堆排列．4株菌均可以甲醇为碳源，并具有不同强度降解四氯乙烯的活性．     

气相色谱及气相色谱-质谱联用研究窖泥微生物

通过传统分离方法从浓香型白酒窖泥中筛选出5株芽孢杆菌,经气相色谱结合MIDI-Sherlock系统分析,分别为地衣芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌、萎缩芽孢杆菌.采用固相萃取技术结合GC-MS技术分析其发酵产物,发现5株菌产风味物质能力都较强且种类丰富,主要有醇类、酮类等化合物,其中3-羟基-2-丁酮(乙偶姻)含量较高,而其代谢产物中的醇类、酮类及愈创木酚等物质对白酒风味的形成起着助香的作用.     

黄酮醇类化合物的合成与抗菌活性

以邻羟基苯乙酮和苯甲醛为原料,采用Algar-Flynn-Oyamada(AFO)反应,通过一锅法和分步法合成化合物;进一步用牛津杯法以甲氧西林为细菌阳性试验对照、DMSO为阴性对照,检测合成化合物对枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、黑曲霉菌的抑菌能力.共合成20种黄酮醇类化合物,其中包括1个新化合物;合成化合物对酿酒酵母菌和黑曲霉菌并无明显抑制效果(d9 mm),而对枯草芽孢杆菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中含卤素取代的黄酮醇对枯草芽孢杆菌具有显著的抑制作用(d15 mm).构效关系研究表明,黄酮醇类化合物能有效对枯草芽孢杆菌形成抑制作用,且黄酮醇骨架上含有卤素取代(化合物7、8、17、19、20)表现出较好的抑菌作用;5-甲氧基取代黄酮醇(11、12、13、14)类化合物尽管不是活性最好的,但与相应的5位无取代的黄酮醇比较,如12 vs 2、13 vs 3、14 vs 1,活性有所提高.本研究获得了一些具有较好抗菌活性的黄酮醇化合物,可为药物发现和合成提供结构依据.     

产碱性果胶酶的枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备与再生条件

原生质体融合技术是一种重要的微生物育种方法.以能产碱性果胶酶的枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14为出发菌株,探讨影响其原生质体制备和再生的主要因素.通过研究菌龄、溶菌酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂的p H值、再生培养基类型和培养方式等对枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备与再生的影响,确定其最优化条件.结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备的最优条件为菌龄9 h,溶菌酶浓度0.2 mg/m L,酶解时间10 min,酶解温度32℃,渗透压稳定剂的p H值7.0.在此条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体的形成率为98%,再生率达30%.枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体再生培养基以琥珀酸钠作为渗透压稳定剂并结合Ca~(2+)再生效果较好,再生方式以单层培养较好.本研究获得了枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件,可为实现其融合育种提供技术支持.     

耐高温α-淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达

高温α-淀粉酶是发酵行业用量最大的酶类,为了实现高温α-淀粉酶基因的高效表达,本研究比较了不同启动子对地衣芽孢杆菌的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达的影响.分别用强启动子P43和地衣芽孢杆菌的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因自身启动子构建了表达载体pP43NMK-amy和pUBCl9-amy,并在枯草芽孢杆菌BacillussubtilislA752S中进行表达.结果表明,与地衣芽孢杆菌的耐高温α-淀粉酶基闪自身启动子相比,采用P43启动子的耐高温α-淀粉酶其表达水平提高了8.9倍.而且在枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilislA752S中分泌表达的α-淀粉酶仍具有耐高温的特性,酶反应的最适温度为90℃,表明酶的热稳定性南蛋白质本身的氨基酸序列决定的.     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

豆豉纤溶酶在枯草杆菌WB800中的高水平表达

一个来源于豆豉产生菌DC12的新的纤溶酶基因序列被克隆测序.为了实现在枯草杆菌中高水平表达豆豉纤溶酶,将来源于枯草杆菌168的重叠启动子P43序列以及转录终止信号序列通过重叠延伸融合,将融合序列克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭载体pBE3中,构建了pBEP43载体.将豆豉纤溶酶基因插入到载体pBEP43后转化枯草杆菌WB800.结果表明,在P43启动子驱动下,豆豉纤溶酶基因在重组菌中的对数生长期和平衡期均获得了表达且分泌到培养基中.重组菌经培养后上清液中的纤溶酶活性最高达1270U/mL,是豆豉纤溶酶基因在自身启动子驱动下表达量的1.87倍和野生菌株枯草杆菌DC12表达量的4.1倍.图5参16     

Degradation kinetics of terephthalic acid wastewater with the hybrid strains constructed with Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The degradation kinetic parameters in terephthalic acid (TPA) wastewater for the hybrid strains of Fhh and Fhhh obtained through the protoplast fusion of the fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y99, and the native bacteria YZ1 were measured in this research. The highest level of the specific degradation rate for Fhhh and Fhh during 20h reaction were 0.2238 and 0.2163 h^‐1, which were higher than that of their three parental strains and that of the anaerobic bacteria reported. It suggested that the abilities of growth and degradation for Fhh and Fhhh in TPA wastewater were better than their three parental strains. They could create potentials for the purification of TPA wastewater with higher efficiency.     

Plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance in marine bacteria

This research work was conducted in Uppanar estuary to ascertain the role of plasmids in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Water and sediment samples were collected for a period of three months. When tested against 20 antibiotics 22 MAR strains were isolated from the samples, which were found resistant to 5-13 antibiotics. They belong to 7 genera and 10 species. Gram-negative bacteria namely Neisseria mucosa, N. sicca, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella ozaenae, Citrobacterintermedius, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria were of Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. When plasmid curing was done using acredine orange, the resistance against penicillin-G, ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxycillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol were totally lost in all strains, which confirmed the role of plasmid in these strains against antibiotics. Ten strains belong to different species were selected for the plasmid isolation and electrophoresis was done. Presence of plasmids in all strains was confirmed and the molecular weight was in the range of 2850 to 3170 bp. The study revealed that MAR strains are common in Uppanar estuary and they are plasmid mediated. This environment is seemed to be deteriorating at an alarming rate.     

Protoplast fusion between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodobacter sphaeroides for the treatment of soybean wastewater

The kinetic parameters and the purification rates of the hybrid cell Foaz in soybean processing wastewater (SPW) were measured through a shaking reaction and in two automatic regulated control stable fermentation systems (ARCSFS). The maximum specific growth rate of Foaz was 0.576 h^‐1, higher than that of one of its parental strains Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479 and lower than that of another parental strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407. The BOD₅ removal rate of Foaz in the No. 1 system was 61.3%, higher than those of both its parental strains when the influent BOD₅ concentration was 4600 mg/L. The results of this study suggest that the hybrid Foaz has a better capacity of the degradation of organic pollutants in SPW than its parental strains and it may be applicable to the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater.     

Controlling bacterial leaf blight of rice and enhancing the plant growth with endophytic and rhizobacterial Bacillus strains

This study was conducted to assess efficacy of biological control against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Five endophytic strains (A1, A2, A3, A13 and A15) and two rhizospherial Bacilli (D29 and H8) were tested for their antagonistic activities against BLB in vitro and in vivo. All seven strains showed high potential of antagonistic activity against X. oryzae pv. oryzae and three phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Test of 16SrRNA gene sequence were assigned isolates A1, A3 and A13 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens while isolates A2 and A15 as B. methylotrophicus and B. subtilis, respectively. In greenhouse, four strains of displayed 50.29%–57.86% inhibition rate against the pathogen and significantly increased plant fresh weight from 50.03% to 73.11% and dry weight from 64.11% to 86.65% in treated rice plants. In addition, these strains demonstrated strong capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, solubilizing phosphate and also colonize roots. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that expression of defense-related genes including OsAOS2, OsJMT1, OsNPR1 and OsPR1b were significantly up-regulated in leaves of D29-exposed rice plants, suggesting that treatment of rice with D29 suppressed BLB through systemic activation of the plant defense system. Therefore, data suggest that Bacillus isolates A13, A15, D29 and H8 support effective antagonistic activity against BLB under greenhouse conditions in addition to their potential to promote growth of rice plants.     

对甘薯茎线虫具有杀虫活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌筛选及特性鉴定

为筛选对甘薯茎线虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株,提取12株供试Bt菌株的晶体蛋白,溶解后加入到甘薯茎线虫悬浮液中,统计3 d和7 d后甘薯茎线虫的死亡率.经初筛和复筛后得到一株对甘薯茎线虫具有高毒力的Bt菌株YBT-008,其对甘薯茎线虫的LC50值为203.76μg/mL.研究了YBT-008的生物学特性,结果表明,YBT-008在LB培养基上培养约12 h后进入稳定期,并且伴随芽胞的形成产生卵圆形的伴胞晶体;SDS-PAGE分析表明YBT-008可产生多种待鉴定的晶体蛋白类型,质粒检测显示该菌株有5条质粒条带.YBT-008的获得为利用Bt防治甘薯茎线虫提供了新型菌株和基因资源.     

Alleviation of nickel stress by halophilic bacteria in mungbean(Vigna radiata)

Mungbean is an important, short-duration legume crop with high nutritive value for poor families, where protein and micronutrient scarcity are most pervasive. In developing countries, like Pakistan, where mungbean is one of the greatest sources of protein for underprivileged people, salinity and metal stresses are drastically limiting its yield. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the ways for promoting the growth of mungbean under stressed conditions. This study provides the basis for the use of two previously isolated halophilic and nickel-resistant bacteria [Bacillus subtilis and Halomonas aquamarina(1)] in promoting the growth of mungbean plant under nickel-stressed environments. These bacterial strains were previously found to improve the growth of plants under salinity because of their good biofilm-forming abilities. We hypothesized that these two halophilic and nickel-resistant biofilm-forming bacteria can help the plants to grow under nickel-stressed environments by promoting soil aggregation as they were previously reported to resist salinity and nickel stress, as well as were found to promote plant growth under saline environments. The results revealed that under nickel stress, both bacteria promote plant growth by facilitating the formation of soil aggregates through an increase in their extra polymeric substance(EPS) production.     

Alleviation of nickel stress by halophilic bacteria in mungbean (Vigna radiata)北大核心CSCD

Mungbean is an important, short-duration legume crop with high nutritive value for poor families, where protein and micronutrient scarcity are most pervasive. In developing countries, like Pakistan, where mungbean is one of the greatest sources of protein for underprivileged people, salinity and metal stresses are drastically limiting its yield. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the ways for promoting the growth of mungbean under stressed conditions. This study provides the basis for the use of two previously isolated halophilic and nickel-resistant bacteria [Bacillus subtilis and Halomonas aquamarina (1)] in promoting the growth of mungbean plant under nickel-stressed environments. These bacterial strains were previously found to improve the growth of plants under salinity because of their good biofilm-forming abilities. We hypothesized that these two halophilic and nickel-resistant biofilm-forming bacteria can help the plants to grow under nickel-stressed environments by promoting soil aggregation as they were previously reported to resist salinity and nickel stress, as well as were found to promote plant growth under saline environments. The results revealed that under nickel stress, both bacteria promote plant growth by facilitating the formation of soil aggregates through an increase in their extra polymeric substance (EPS) production. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Individual differences in the mechanisms underlying the onset and maintenance of paternal behavior and the inhibition of infanticide in the monogamous biparental California mouse,Peromyscus californicus

Virgin male Peromyscus californicus tend to behave infanticidally or nonparentally towards pups, whereas virtually all males exhibit parental behavior following birth of their own young. Most males (65–75%) living with their pregnant partner attacked or ignored unfamiliar pups and did not become parental (behave parentally) prior to birth of their young. However, a significant minority of males (34%) living with their partner became parental after just 24 h of postcopulatory cohabitation with the female and remained parental throughout their mate's pregnancy. Males that were infanticidal before the birth of their young became parental only after their young were born. The presence of the mother was necessary for the postpartum maintenance of paternal behavior and the inhibition of infanticide in males that were infanticidal prepartum. In contrast, males that were paternal prior to birth of their young continued to be paternal after birth, even in the absence of postpartum contact with the mother. Thus, different mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of infanticide and the onset and maintenance of paternal behavior. Correspondence to: D.J. Gubernick