铝毒与有机酸和磷的关系

总结了铝对植物形态及生理方面的毒害，简要概述了铝对植物毒害的机制、植物的抗铝对策、耐铝植物与铝敏感植物对铝胁迫的不同反应，特别综述了有机酸及磷与植物抗铝毒的关系，以及受铝胁迫的各种土壤改良途径及植物抗铝措施．最后提出了铝胁迫导致植物矮化的问题，建议更多研究者来注意并进一步探索相关问题．表3参65     

植物根际微生态区域中铝的环境行为研究进展

铝毒是酸性土壤(pH<5.0)中影响植物生长的重要因素.根系环境中的铝离子可影响矿物营养的获取,增加植物对铝胁迫的风险.植物通过根系分泌有机酸、生物酶和其他物质来解除或减轻铝的毒害.从铝胁迫对根系分泌系统的影响、根际微环境中铝的毒理效应和根际微环境中铝的抗毒机制等3个方面对植物根际微生态区域中铝的环境行为研究进展进行了综述,并对今后该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

氮素形态对大豆铝毒和根表铝形态分布的影响

铝毒是酸性土壤上作物生长的主要限制因素,虽然对铝毒已开展广泛研究,但铝毒与植物根表铝形态分布的关系还不清楚。以大豆(Glycine max)为研究对象,通过氮铝交替和氮铝共存2种处理方式的水培试验,研究了氮素形态对大豆铝毒的影响以及氮铝相互作用对根表铝形态分布的影响。结果表明,氮铝共存时,硝态氮体系中大豆根表吸附的各种形态铝含量均高于铵态氮体系。氮铝交替处理导致铝对大豆产生毒害,铝显著抑制大豆根伸长,降低大豆生物量,但在铵态氮和硝态氮体系中铝对大豆的毒害程度相近。无论是无铝对照还是有铝处理,硝态氮体系中大豆的生长情况均优于铵态氮体系。硝态氮处理还促进了大豆根系对K、Mg和Mn等元素的吸收。氮铝共存时,铵态氮可通过离子竞争作用缓解铝对大豆根系的毒害。     

环境中铝来源、铝毒机制及影响因子研究进展

铝是地壳中含量最多的金属元素,随着铝在人类生产生活中大量生产和使用,包括铝盐絮凝剂在水处理/湖泊治理中的广泛应用以及环境酸化,越来越多的铝进入生态系统,给许多生物带来毒害效应。文章综述了生态系统中铝的来源,铝毒对藻类、鱼类、植物和人体的毒害机制及影响铝盐迁移转化和毒性的主要因子,并提出建议和展望。在陆地生态系统中,铝主要以金属铝、氧化铝、铝盐化合物、含铝矿石等形态存在;水生生态系统中,铝主要以无机单体铝、无定型絮状物Al(OH)3和聚合铝等形态存在。铝抑制酸性磷酸酶活性或影响营养的利用对藻类群落结构组成和藻细胞产生影响。通过引起离子调节和呼吸紊乱,铝对鱼类组织器官、生长发育和生理代谢具有剂量毒性作用。铝在人体蓄积后,对神经、骨骼、肝脏、免疫系统等产生不同程度的损害。植物铝毒机制主要包括:(1)对根系细胞分裂及伸长的抑制;(2)对植物营养物质吸收的抑制;(3)对植物体内关键酶代谢的抑制;(4)对遗传物质及细胞结构的损伤等。影响铝毒的因子主要包括p H、Al~(3+)形态及浓度、环境温度、水体硬度、溶解性有机物种类及含量、结合配体浓度等。因此,人类生产生活中应合理科学使用铝制品,严格把控饮用水及食品中铝浓度标准。工业水处理中应加快研发应用高效环保的大分子聚合/微生物絮凝剂,控制水处理厂出水残余铝浓度。由于铝是两性元素,且水环境中铝越来越多,建议进一步研究铝盐在碱性环境中的毒性作用以及铝盐对水生植物、底栖动物的毒性作用。     

铝对豌豆根边缘细胞存活率和粘胶层厚度的影响

根边缘细胞（Root border cells）是从根冠游离并聚集在根尖周围的一群特殊细胞，铝毒的作用部位正是根尖，因此推测边缘细胞在铝毒反应中起着重要作用。作者研究了不同铝浓度（0、50、100、250、500μmol／L AlCl3（含0．1mmol／L CaCl2，pH4．5）与离体豌豆（Pisum Sativum）根边缘细胞共培养1h、2h、4h、6h、8h、24h后根边缘细胞存活率、粘胶层厚度及细胞数量的变化，以揭示铝毒胁迫边缘细胞的响应。结果为：随着处理时间的延长，边缘细胞的存活率明艰下降；在0～100μmol／L铝浓度范围，边缘细胞存活率有随铝浓度升高而降低的趋势；8h及24h边缘细胞存活率为铝浓度500μmol／L时显著高于0、50、100和250μmol／L时，6h边缘细胞存活率为250和500μmol／L铝浓度时显著高于0、50、100μmol／L AlCl3时。随处理时间延长，边缘细胞数量降低，铝浓度100，250和500μmol／L时边缘细胞数量低于0和50μmol／L时，且铝浓度越高，细胞数量越少；随处卵时间延长和铝浓度升高，粘胶层相对面积增加，铝浓度500和250μmol／L时粘胶层相对面积增加尤为明湿。通过与pH7．01水溶液及pH4．50水溶液中粘胶层变化的比较，发现粘胶层在铝处理8h后出现一个峰值，可能是粘胶物质的诱导合成和分泌。研究结果表明，铝毒对根边缘细胞具有致死效应，这种致死效应在一定浓度范围符合剂量依数性关系，高浓度时则边缘细胞存活率反而升高，这与根边缘细胞对铝毒作出的适应性响应——粘胶层的增厚和细胞降解增强有关。粘胶层起着保护和减轻边缘细胞铝毒的作用。     

玉米异羟肟酸类物质的分泌与其耐铝性的关系

铝毒是植物在酸性土壤中生长的主要限制因子,由于生长环境的差异,植物进化出不同的策略来抵抗铝毒害。阐明这些机理,将有助于开发抗铝毒农作物新品种。大部分陆生植物利用根系分泌一些有机酸来对付铝毒害,但根系分泌的异羟肟酸类物质(丁布和门布等)与玉米的耐铝能力的关系尚未见报道。收集中国56个主栽玉米(Zea mays)品种,设置铝胁迫试验,测定它们在铝的胁迫下根系异羟肟酸的分泌量、根伸长量、根尖胼胝质的质量分数和铝质量分数,分析了根系分泌的异羟肟酸与玉米耐铝能力的相关性。结果表明,铝可诱导玉米根系分泌异羟肟酸;用铝处理后,玉米根伸长受阻,根尖铝质量分数和胼胝质质量分数增加。在铝的胁迫下,根相对伸长率与异羟肟酸分泌量呈极显著正相关(r丁布=0.455 0**,r门布=0.600 8**),而根尖铝质量分数与异羟肟酸分泌量呈极显著负相关(r丁布=-0.354 2**,r门布=-0.484 1**),根尖胼胝质质量分数与异羟肟酸分泌量也呈负相关(r丁布=-0.365 1**,r门布=-0.135 1)。并且,聚类分析表明耐铝型的30个玉米品种在铝胁迫下根系分泌异羟肟酸的能力显著高于铝敏感型的7个品种。这些研究结果表明,铝诱导的根系分泌异羟肟酸类物质可能是一些耐铝玉米品种抵御铝毒害的一种机制。     

土壤条件与植物响应

植物对土壤状况的反应并不仅仅表现为根系具有吸收水分和营养元素的能力。植物根系能够感应到土壤的某些不利因素，对枝干发出信号，从而锻炼植株以抵抗退化或严酷的环境。这种信号能影响植株气孔导度、细胞伸长、细胞分裂及叶的出现速度等：对植物生长有重要影响的土壤物理条件包括土壤硬度、容器大小、孔隙大小和土壤干燥度等，在这些条件极端化的情况下，植物往往表现为生长变缓，根、叶等器官形态发牛改变。而在某些土壤化学条件不利的情况下，如土壤酸度增加、养分缺乏或发生铝毒时，植物则通过产生根际分泌物、降低生长速率及富集作用等来适应环境，维持生命。了解植物对不良环境的适应机制有利于筛选出具有一定抗性的优良基因类型。     

铝毒在不同作物上的差异及温度的影响

采用水培法研究了作物耐铝性差异及温度对作物铝毒的效应，结果表明，铝首先伤害根生长，抑制作物对养分的吸收和利用，其中对大麦和蕃茄的危害尤为明显，并导致出现缺素症。耐铝能力为水稻＞大豆＞大麦＞蕃茄，而它们的耐铝机理不完全相同。铝对作物的毒害因温度而异，作物在其最适生长温度范围内受铝伤害最明显。作物体内的铝含量有随铝处理浓度增高而增加的趋势，并明显受温度的影响。     

模拟酸雨对酸性土壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响

研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下，土壤中铝离子释放及铝形态转化的特点。结果表明，酸雨淋洗造成土壤中铝离子释放，酸雨pH值越低，铝离子释放量越大；酸雨淋洗还造成土壤中铝形态发生变化，酸雨pH越低，土壤中羟基态铝和腐殖质铝含量愈低，交换态铝含量越高，土壤中铝对植物和生态系统的危害性也越大。     

红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

酸铝胁迫下常绿杨根冠超微结构变化

中国的亚热带地区气候温暖湿润、雨量充沛,是中国速生丰产林基地,森林土壤多呈偏酸性和酸性,为富铝化酸性土壤,容易造成植物铝毒害。A-61/186（Populus×enramericana cv.）是澳大利亚 L．D．Pryor 博士选育的半常绿杨树无性系（semi-evergreen poplar clone）,母本为美国南方种的落叶型美洲黑杨（Populus deltoids Marsh）,父本为原产智利的常绿品种欧洲杨智利变种（Populus nigra cv.Chile）,是中国林科院郑世锴研究员于1987年从巴基斯坦引入中国的3个常绿杨品系之一,适合热带亚热带种植。以常绿杨A-61/186（Populus×euramericana cv.）根冠细胞为材料,采用水培酸铝胁迫实验,在胁迫30 d、60 d和90 d时在透射电子显微镜下进行根冠细胞超微结构的观察及拍片,研究在酸铝胁迫下浓度和作用时间对其超微结构的影响,探究铝毒条件下杨树根冠细胞的超微结构变化,并为根冠细胞铝毒亚显微水平评价提供资料。结果表明,随着铝浓度的升高,根冠细胞壁溶解断裂;细胞基质由凝胶态向分散碎块转变;淀粉粒数量有减少的趋向,淀粉质体数量有增加的趋向,而淀粉粒堆重心偏向由明显到不明显的趋向。随着铝作用时间的延长,根冠细胞在60 d浓度0.370 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒急剧减少;在90 d浓度0.666 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒质体急剧减少;淀粉粒堆或淀粉质体堆无重心偏向。     

添加植物物料对2种酸性土壤可溶性铝的影响

在室内培养试验条件下,研究了添加非豆科的油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、稻草、玉米秸秆和豆科的大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、紫云英、豌豆秸秆对酸性茶园黄棕壤和红壤可溶性铝总量及其形态的影响.结果表明,黄棕壤除添加油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆和稻草处理外,其余添加植物物料处理土壤可溶性铝总量、总单核铝和3种无机单核铝的含量有不同程度的降低,因为加入这些植物物料均使土壤pH值增大.5种豆科植物物料对黄棕壤pH值的影响大于非豆科植物物料,前者对土壤中3种无机单核铝含量的影响也大于后者.9种植物物料也使红壤pH值有不同程度升高,土壤可溶性铝含量降低,其中4种非豆科植物物料、花生秸秆和蚕豆秸秆处理效果较好.因此,施用植物秸秆能够有效改良土壤酸度,缓解土壤中铝对植物的毒害.总体而言,9种植物物料中花生秸秆增加酸性土壤pH值和降低土壤有毒形态铝含量效果最好.     

Presence of metals in drinking water distribution networks due to pipe material leaching: a review

Drinking water quality should remain constant from the drinking water treatment plant to the consumer's tap. However, water quality characteristics might be affected by interactions with pipe materials. This review describes the iron, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, chromium, and cadmium in drinking water leached from the pipe material present in drinking water, as well as the factors and mechanisms that affect leaching processes. Data analysis suggests that monitoring the water quality in distribution systems is important for their proper management; however, the low measured concentrations highlight the need for sensitive sensors. In addition, further research is necessary to anticipate possible future effects before the installation of new materials/infrastructure or changes in water source/treatment.     

Aluminum neurotoxicity in mammals

Although aluminum comprises a large percentage of the Earth's crust, it is excluded from body tissues, and especially from the central nervous system. When aluminum is experimentally introduced to the central nervous system, several neurotoxic effects are observed:i.e. neurofibrillary changes, behavioral and cognitive deficits and enzymatic and neurotransmitter changes, as well as certain types of epileptic seizures.The localization of relatively high levels of aluminum in Alzheimer disease, Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia has led to the implication of aluminum as a pathogenic factor in these diseases. Recent studies have shown that microtubule-associated proteins are part of the paired helical filaments which make up the intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle. Other studies have identified the protein making the vascular and neuritic (senile) plaque amyloid and located the gene responsible for this protein to chromosome 21.Our electron microprobe analysis studies have not found the levels of aluminum or silicon in either the neurofibrillary tangles or amyloid cores reported elsewhere, nor have the levels of aluminum been elevated in approximately one half of the tangles and plaque cores examined to date.     

Air pollution from aluminum smelting plants. II. the contribution from an aluminum smelting plant using the söderberg process to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mutagens in ambient air

Extracts of airborne particles collected in the surroundings of an aluminum smelting plant have been analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and tested for mutagenic activity. The results were discussed in relation to the meteorological conditions during sampling and showed that the ambient concentrations of these parameters are significantly influenced by the emissions from the smelting plant in the summer, but not in the winter. The results from the mutagenicity testing showed that the mutagenic activity of particle extracts from this area was equal to or lower than what has been reported from other urban areas in Scandinavia.

The contribution of PAH and mutagens to the concentrations of these compounds in ambient air was estimated based on parallel measurements of fluoride and from emission values of fluoride, PAH and mutagens. It was concluded that whereas the smelter emissions could account for more than 50% of the yearly average of ambient PAH, the contribution of mutagens was significantly less.     

模拟酸雨对红壤铝形态的影响

用动态淋洗试验，研究了不同pH的模拟酸雨对红壤中铝形态和性质的影响．结果表明，酸雨淋洗引起红壤中盐基离子的淋失和土壤铝的溶出．随着酸雨溶液pH的降低，盐基淋矢量和铝溶出量增加．酸雨淋洗影响土壤铝形态的转化，使红壤中交换态铝上升，吸附态羟基铝有所下降．这说明在酸雨长期作用下，羟基铝溶解，并转化为交换态铝和引起铝的溶出，使铝进入环境，危害生态系统．     

Assessing the health risks of aluminum

Aluminum is a ubiquitous substance with over 4,000 uses. Aluminum, as aluminum sulfate, is commonly used in the United States as a coagulant in the treatment of drinking water. For many years aluminum was not considered to be toxic to humans. However, reports associating aluminum with several skeletal and neurological disorders in humans suggest that exposure to aluminum may pose a health hazard. In 1983 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced plans to regulate a number of substances, including aluminum, in drinking water. Aluminum was considered because of its occurrence and apparent toxicity. Upon further evaluation of the health effects data the EPA proposed not to regulate aluminum as a result of the uncertainty of the toxicity of ingested aluminum. Putative causal associations between aluminum exposure and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease have yet to be substantiated. Although several issues regarding the toxicity of ingested aluminum are unresolved, aluminum has been specified in the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, as one of 83 substances in drinking water to be regulated by 1989. Additional data are needed before the potential risk of aluminum can be assessed; therefore the EPA has deferred possible regulation until 1991.     

Determination of fluoride and its effects on flavonoids in some legumes

The effects of fluoride (Fl) emission, from an aluminum (Al) reduction plant in Iran, on the concentration of Fl in six legume species were studied. In addition, the influence of Fl on leaf flavonoids was investigated. Determination of Fl in collected plants (Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Cercis siliquastrum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L., Robinia peseudoacacia L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) from the factory area was performed using a Fl ion-selective electrode. Identification of flavonoids in the samples was obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-D PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Controls were obtained from plants located 10 km distance from the factory. Results showed high Fl concentration in all polluted samples. Phytochemical changes in polluted leaves were observed with appearance or disappearance of some flavonoids.