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1.
为了探讨急性冷应激对仔猪免疫系统的影响,本试验将18头45 d"约克夏"仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold exposure,CE)和冷暴露并阻断糖皮质激素受体组(Cold exposure+RU486,CER).常温组在18~20 ℃、冷暴露各组在4~8℃环境下分栏饲养.冷暴露时间持续12 h,在冷暴露开始后的第0、1、3、6、9、12 h六个时间点对18头仔猪采血并分离血浆,分别使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品的IL-2和IL-6水平,放射免疫分析法测定血浆样品的ACTH和皮质醇水平.结果显示:单纯冷暴露组IL-2水平和IL-6水平在冷暴露6 h时明显升高(P<0.01),ACTH水平在各时间点均明显降低(P<0.01),而Cortisol水平仅在冷暴露3 h时明显升高(P<0.01),IL-2与IL-6的水平呈强相关(r=0.959 5),ACTH与IL-2的水平呈巾等强度负相关(r=-0.435 9)、与IL-6的水平呈弱的负相关,皮质醇与IL-2的水平呈弱的负相关、与IL-6的水平呈中等强度负相关(r=-0.447 8);受体阻断组IL-2在冷暴露6h、9 h和12 h时均明显升高(P<0.01),IL-6在冷暴露6 h明显升高(P<0.01),ACTH在冷暴露各时间点均明显降低(P<0.01),IL-2和IL-6水平呈中等相关(r=0.416 1),ACTH与IL-2、IL-6的水平均呈强负相关(r=-0.676 5/-0.717 4),皮质醇与IL-2、IL-6均呈弱负相关.上述结果表明,急性冷暴露能使IL-2、IL-6及皮质醇的分泌增强,且阻断糖皮质激素受体会导致IL-2和IL-6之间以及ACTH与IL-2/IL-6之间的相关性改变.图1参21  相似文献   

2.
不同强度冷应激下仔猪淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录规律   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测仔猪血液淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录量,探讨不同冷应激强度对淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA转录量的影响.结果表明,仔猪在-10~-4℃冷暴露0.5h,淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录量迅速升高(P<0.05),并一直保持高水平至6h(P<0.05),随后下降,冷暴露结束后24h恢复正常.在4~10℃冷暴露前后,淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA转录量无明显变化(P>0.05).结果提示,冷暴露温度越低,淋巴细胞中HSP70 mRNA转录越迅速,但冷暴露结束进入常温后HSP70 mRNA转录水平再次升高的时间延后;HSP70 mRNA转录呈现规律性变化,可以考虑把HSP70 mRNA优先作为评估不同冷应激的客观指标.表1图1参14  相似文献   

3.
比较二花脸和皮特兰猪在2h运输过程中血浆ACTH、皮质醇、胰岛素和T3、T4水平的动态变化模式,以分析内分泌激素变化的品种特征.选用雄性二花脸猪10头,皮特兰猪6头,体重达20kg时安装颈静脉瘘管,1wk后运输试验,运输过程中不同时间点采集血样,放射免疫分析法测定血浆激素水平.上车后两品种猪ACTH水平缓慢上升,60min后达到峰值,下车后15min恢复至基础水平,运输过程中ACTH水平及变化幅度均未表现显著的品种差异;运输前皮质醇水平二花脸显著高于皮特兰猪,上车后两品种皮质醇均迅速上升,出发后15min达到峰值,下车后15min均快速恢复至基础水平,运输过程中皮特兰皮质醇上升的幅度显著高于二花脸猪;两品种胰岛素水平上车后均呈下降趋势,二花脸胰岛素水平总体上显著高于皮特兰猪;T3水平在上车后也表现快速下降,无论是T3水平还是其变化幅度均不表现显著的品种差异;皮特兰猪上车后T4水平稍微下降而二花脸猪显著下降,皮特兰T4水平总体显著高于二花脸猪.运输应激伴随血浆ACTH和皮质醇水平升高,而胰岛素、T3和T4水平下降,皮质醇水平升高的幅度能够反映猪的应激敏感性.图1参25  相似文献   

4.
将18头45日龄'约克夏'仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold stress,CS)和冷暴露并糖皮质激素受体阻断组(Cold stress+RU486,CSRU).C组和冷暴露两组分别在18~20℃和4~8℃环境下饲养.在试验第0h、1h、3h、6h、9h、12h时对3组猪前腔静脉采血并分离血浆,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ和IgG的浓度.结果显示,冷暴露时间对血浆相关细胞因子和IgG浓度都有不同程度的影响,而CSRU组与CS组对上述指标的影响有明显差异.冷暴露两组血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ都呈先升高然后逐渐波动性下降的趋势,但是CSRU组升高的速度快于CS组;IgG、TNF-α呈先下降然后上升的趋势,但是CSRU组并未像CS组呈现显著的变化.结果提示各细胞因子间存在相互影响、相互倚赖的作用,构成了一个庞大而复杂的细胞因子网络,能迅速引起免疫应答,而糖皮质激素在机体的免疫系统中起着不可忽视的作用.  相似文献   

5.
冷应激对健康雏鸡某些内分泌活动的影响   总被引:21,自引:4,他引:17  
以罗曼雄性雏鸡为试验对象,研究5d和10d龄健康雏鸡在低于正常饲养温度条件下,在一定时间内机体某些代谢激素的变化规律,结果表明:(1)5d龄雏鸡在两种低温情况下,血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)变化显著,在冷应激最初几h内,T3先下降,至6h(15±1℃)和12h(10±1℃)又升高;血清四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)变化不明显,在10±1℃情况下,在12h时显著降低;胰岛素(Ins)在两种低温情况下,均于2h时显著升高,而后呈波动性变化,(2)10d龄雏鸡在15℃±1℃条件下,T3在0.5~3h显著下降,至6h回升;T4在2h时显著升高(P<0.05);Ins在2h时升高(P>0.05),但3h时显著降低,而后又回升(3)血清皮质醇浓度均于冷应激后2h时有所升高,但差异不显著,而后呈波动性变化.  相似文献   

6.
通过两个低温温度段对健康Wistar大鼠进行冷应激试验,利用免疫印迹技术检验肌肉、脾脏和肝脏中HSP70表达的相对变化情况,探讨不同时间和强度冷应激条件下,3种组织中HSP70表达的情况以及通过HSP70表达量的变化看是否可以将其作为评估冷应激的指标.正常饲养的大鼠环境温度为(20±1)℃,而实验组大鼠分别在(0±1)℃和(10±1)℃环境下进行低温冷应激,然后在冷应激后不同时间宰杀取组织,利用Western-blotting检测HSP70的表达量.结果表明:(1)在(0±1)℃急性冷应激条件下,随着冷应激时间的延长,肌肉和脾脏中HSP70的表达持续增加,与对照组(CK)相比,差异显著(P<0.05);(2)在(10±1)℃慢性冷应激条件下,仅1wk肌肉组中HSP70的表达增加(P<0.05),其它情况下各组织中HSP70的表达与CK相比无显著差异(P>0.05).上述结果说明,相应强度的冷应激可以诱导机体的HSP70表达,并且随时间延长,HSP70的表达增加,可以考虑将HSP70作为监测大鼠应激的指标.图1表2参14  相似文献   

7.
以雄性奥利亚罗非鱼为试验材料,分别以0、1、3、5和10μg·L-1氯化三丁基锡(TBTCl)通过接触染毒的方式,研究TBTCl对鱼类精巢细胞凋亡的影响.细胞凋亡分析结果表明,在同一染毒时间下,除染毒时间为24和48h,染毒浓度为1μg·L-1处理组与对照组之间细胞凋亡率差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组与对照组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).各相邻2个浓度处理组之间,3μg·L-1处理组和5μg·L-1处理组之间细胞凋亡率差异均不显著(P>0.05),其余各组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).随着TBTCl浓度的升高,罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡率逐渐升高,剂量-效应关系显著.精巢细胞Ca2+-ATP酶活性测定结果表明,在同一染毒时间下,除在染毒时间为24和96 h时,染毒浓度为1μg·L-1处理组与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组与对照组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).在同一染毒时间下,各处理组之间,除染毒时间为24 h时,染毒浓度1μg·L-1处理组和3 μg·L-1处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组之间差异显著(P<0.01);随着染毒浓度的升高,Ca2+-ATP酶活性逐渐升高,并且剂量一效应关系显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).奥利亚罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡率与精巢Ca2+-ATP酶活性间具有一定的协同关系.  相似文献   

8.
模拟5km急性低氧2h、4h、8h和24h,观察大鼠海马白介素6(IL6)和低氧诱导因子1(HIF1α)表达的时序变化.分别运用免疫组化和RTPCR分析海马CA1、CA2和CA3区IL6、HIF1α和海马HIF1αmRNA的表达水平.与对照组相比,5km急性低氧8h和24h,海马CA1区IL6水平升高14.24%(P<0.01)和7.76%(P<0.05);低氧8h,海马CA2和CA3区IL6水平上升3.1%(P<0.05)和5.1%(P<0.05).5km低氧4h、8h和24h,海马CA1区HIF1α水平分别升高3.67%(P<0.05)、5.5%(P<0.05)和6.27%(P<0.01),同时发现HIF1αmRNA在海马的表达上调.上述结果表明,5km急性低氧促进海马IL6和HIF1α的表达增强,推测HIF1α可能作为调控因子参与低氧下海马IL6的诱导表达.图5表1参21  相似文献   

9.
以自然土壤为介质,考察赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性等指标,进行了急性(14 d)、亚急性(28 d)暴露下四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)非致死剂量胁迫对蚯蚓的生长和抗氧化防御效应研究。结果表明:在急性试验中TBBPA对蚯蚓的生长抑制均存在显著的剂量效应关系,而在亚急性暴露期,400 mg·kg~(-1)时显著抑制蚯蚓的生长(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓体内蛋白含量影响,在急性试验中各处理间差异不显著(P=0.712),进入亚急性期蛋白质含量在400 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P=0.039,P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓SOD酶活性的影响,在急性试验中50 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P<0.01),在亚急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时SOD酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓GST酶活性影响,在急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时呈现显著诱导效应(P<0.05),在亚急性期各处理间差异不显著(P=0.428)。蚯蚓生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、体内各生化酶系对TBBPA暴露的时间效应和剂量效应的敏感性存在不同程度差异,应依据污染暴露指标的有效性和敏感性选择多时间段检测和多指标进行土壤安全评价诊断。  相似文献   

10.
采用半静态毒性实验方法,将菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)分别暴露于0.2、2、20μg·L-1的全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)中,在处理后第1、3、6、10、15、21天分别取样,测定整体组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性和过氧化脂质(LPO)含量。酶活性分析结果显示:PFOA对菲律宾蛤仔组织SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈现先促进后抑制的作用;低浓度组SOD活性在暴露第1天达到最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中高浓度组SOD活性在暴露第6天达到最低;暴露1~15 d,低浓度组CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);高浓度组CAT活性在暴露第6天得到显著诱导,其余时间基本处于抑制状态;中浓度组POD活性在暴露第3天即达到最高,高浓度组POD活性基本一直处于抑制状态;随着PFOA暴露时间的延长,菲律宾蛤仔组织LPO含量呈现了先降低后升高的趋势;各浓度组中EROD的活力都显著被诱导(P<0.01),与处理浓度呈正相关;中高浓度组的GST活性在胁迫期间变化比较显著,呈现诱导-抑制的变化规律。研究表明,PFOA暴露能够引起菲律宾蛤仔组织抗氧化酶和生物转化酶的变化,可以与其他敏感性指标一起作为指示早期海洋PFOA污染的生物标志物。  相似文献   

11.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

12.
Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.  相似文献   

13.
Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.  相似文献   

16.
For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.  相似文献   

17.
Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales  相似文献   

18.
Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C11–C19), methyl esters (C14–C18), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C6–C12), and monoterpene alcohols (C10).  相似文献   

19.
Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km2 around Bonga and 3000 km2 in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques  相似文献   

20.
Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.  相似文献   

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