浸水冷应激对雏鸡某些酶活性及消化道粘膜充血的影响

以海兰雄性雏鸡为试验对象，研究急性浸水冷应激对健康雏鸡某些酶活性消化道粘膜充血的影响。结果表明：雏鸡在浸水冷应激后血清肌酸激酶（CrK）呈一致性升高趋势；而丙氨酸氨基转肽酶（ALT）的活性则在冷应激后15min明显升高（P＞0.05），而后降低，至120min时又恢复致冷应激前水平，雏鸡血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）在冷应激后15－60min呈渐进性升高,而后降低；血清γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－GT）的变化趋势为，在冷应激后15min稍升高，而后则逐渐下降；血清尿素氮（BUN)的变化无是,在冷应激后60min降低，浸水应激后不同时间对海兰雏鸡消化道粘膜充血的结果表明：雏鸡在浸水应激后即刻观察造成消化道充血现象并不严重；而浸水应激后不同时间却对雏鸡消化道产生相对较强的影响，特别是冷应激后1－2h胃肠道充血比较严重。     

温度对中国荷斯坦奶牛血液某些生化指标的影响

以健康荷斯坦黑白花奶牛为试验对象，研究了不同环境温度（θ/℃5，10，15，20，25）对奶牛血清各项生化指标的影响。研究结果表明，肌酸激酶（CK）在血清中的活性随着温度的上升呈波动性下降趋势，特别是在25℃时显著低于其他温度组；乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）在血清中的活性随着温度渐升而呈下降趋势，特别是在15℃以后大幅度下降；γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－GT）的活性从5℃至20℃呈逐渐升高的趋势，而在25℃又回降至5℃水平；天门立氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）在血清中的活性随温度渐升而渐进性升高，特别是在25℃时显著高于5℃时的水平；碱性磷酸酶（ALP）在血清中的活性也是随温度渐升而渐进性升高，但在25℃时下降明显；丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）在血清中的活性随温度上升而呈下降趋势，且下降幅度比较平稳；尿素氮（BUN）在血清中的含量随温度上升而渐进性升高，变化趋势平稳。血清白蛋白（TP）呈波动性变化。无明显规律性。本实验结果说明，北方高寒地区奶牛血清中的某些生化指标可随着环境温变的变化而变化。表2参7     

不同温度胁迫方式对中华绒螯蟹免疫化学指标的影响

为研究温度骤变在水生动物病害发生中的可能作用，本研究以中华绒螯蟹为材料，将环境温度从20℃突然升高或下降，然后在不同时间取样分析，从免疫学的角度探讨了不同的温度改变方式对中华绒螯蟹抗氧化能力的影响．研究结果表明，（1）在2h内将饲养水温从20℃升至32℃，然后在30min内降至20℃，中华绒螯蟹的血细胞密度（DHC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力先升高后下降，6h时出现峰值，3d后趋于稳定，丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化则呈相反趋势；（2）在24h内将饲养水温从20℃降至8℃，其DHC随时间的延长而逐渐降低，SOD和CAT先增加后下降，在d1出现峰值；而MDA的含量先下降后升高，在d3出现峰值，但总的来说，MDA的含量均高于0h处理组；（3）在24h内水温从20℃升至32℃，其SOD和CAT在温度变化6h后呈升高趋势，而后逐渐下降，DHC的变化无一定规律，但均明显低于0h处理组，MDA的含量随时间延长而增加．以上结果表明，温度胁迫使中华绒螯蟹机体抗氧化能力下降，从而导致机体的氧化代谢失衡和免疫防御能力下降．     

冷应激对断乳仔猪ACTH及皮质醇的影响

断乳仔猪在-3~3℃低温条件下冷暴露24h,然后在15~18℃室温条件下恢复,检测血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和皮质醇的动态变化.结果表明,仔猪血浆中ACTH和皮质醇含量随冷暴露时间延长而逐渐升高,冷应激6h时,ACTH含量高于冷应激前的水平(P<0.05);冷应激12h时,ACTH和皮质醇含量与冷应激前比较均有极显著升高(P<0.01);冷应激24h时,两激素含量与冷应激前无显著差异.终止冷暴露后0.5h,ACTH和皮质醇含量均高于冷应激前水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);3h时两激素水平基本恢复正常,但6h时两激素水平再次升高(P<0.01),呈波动性变化.表1参10     

新型溴代阻燃剂TBB和TBPH混合物对罗非鱼甲状腺激素和生理生化指标的影响

为了研究新型溴代阻燃剂FM550的生态风险,以罗非鱼为模式生物,配制添加不同浓度FM550(0、10、100和400ng·g~(-1))的饲料,将罗非鱼暴露56 d后,研究不同暴露剂量条件下FM550对罗非鱼甲状腺激素以及血清生理生化指标的影响。研究表明,经不同浓度的FM550暴露56 d后,罗非鱼的基础生长数据并无显著变化,但罗非鱼的甲状腺激素水平发生改变,具体表现为高剂量的FM550暴露可以使罗非鱼血清中的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)含量降低,四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)含量升高。同时,FM550的暴露还可以导致罗非鱼的脂代谢改变,具体变化为血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量降低,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量升高,低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量降低。不同剂量的FM550暴露对罗非鱼的全血生化指标并无影响。     

冷应激对仔猪血浆相关细胞因子和IgG水平的影响

将18头45日龄'约克夏'仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold stress,CS)和冷暴露并糖皮质激素受体阻断组(Cold stress+RU486,CSRU).C组和冷暴露两组分别在18～20℃和4～8℃环境下饲养.在试验第0h、1h、3h、6h、9h、12h时对3组猪前腔静脉采血并分离血浆,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ和IgG的浓度.结果显示,冷暴露时间对血浆相关细胞因子和IgG浓度都有不同程度的影响,而CSRU组与CS组对上述指标的影响有明显差异.冷暴露两组血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ都呈先升高然后逐渐波动性下降的趋势,但是CSRU组升高的速度快于CS组;IgG、TNF-α呈先下降然后上升的趋势,但是CSRU组并未像CS组呈现显著的变化.结果提示各细胞因子间存在相互影响、相互倚赖的作用,构成了一个庞大而复杂的细胞因子网络,能迅速引起免疫应答,而糖皮质激素在机体的免疫系统中起着不可忽视的作用.     

水位对小叶章湿地CO2、CH4排放及土壤微生物活性的影响

湿地生态系统对全球碳平衡和气候变化起着极其重要的作用,而水位波动将影响湿地生物地球化学过程,导致温室气体通量变化,为了明确湿地生态系统温室气体通量以及土壤微生物活性对水位梯度的生态响应,通过野外盆栽培养试验,设T1:-5 cm,T2:0 cm,T3:5 cm,T4:10 cm 4种水位梯度,T1和T2模拟湿地非淹水的水分状况,T3和T4模拟淹水状况,研究了不同水位梯度下小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)湿地CO2、CH4通量、土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:不同水位条件下,小叶章湿地系统CO2和CH4通量差异较大,-5 cm水位时小叶章湿地CO2通量为(643.35±61.89) mg·m-2·h -1,随着水位增加,CO2通量依次降低6.9%、12.1%、40.0%,且水位升高到10 cm时,小叶章湿地CO2排放量显著降低(P<0.05);而CH4通量则随水位增加呈显著增加趋势,通量变化为(1.52±0.12)~(5.34±0.61) mg·m-2·h-1;水位对微生物活性影响显著,非淹水条件下小叶章湿地土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性高于淹水土壤,且随着淹水位增加,微生物活性显著降低.     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10％（T1）、15％（T2）、20％（T3）和不加磷矿粉（CK）四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10％、15％和20％。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30％左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90％以上,水溶性碳（DOC）含量均降至10g.kg。以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12．58、12．81、12．96g.kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23．53％、17．07％、14．50％,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径：     

厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器处理淀粉废水的启动运行

采用厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器,处理马铃薯淀粉废水,以淀粉废水排放口底泥作为接种污泥,可以实现快速启动。启动过程的结果表明:在温度为2 5℃～35℃,总水力停留时间(HRT)为5 4h ,容积负荷从0 .5kg/ (m3 ·d)逐渐升高到3.0 8kg/ (m3 ·d)时,第11d就将反应器启动成功,前3级厌氧反应器总的去除率达到75 % ,厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器总的去除率达到96 %。而后逐渐提高容积负荷,当容积负荷为10 .0kg/ (m3 ·d)时,COD去除率最高为96 % ,出水水质达到或接近国家污水排放二级标准(GB 8978- 96 )。     

山西省近50年无霜期变化特征研究

根据山西省108个地面站近50 a（1959—2008年）的初霜日、终霜日和无霜期系列数据,采用非参数Mann-Kendall检验法,对山西省近50 a无霜期的变化特点进行了研究。计算结果表明,全省108个地面站的平均无霜期在124.6~232.9 d之间。Mann-Kendall检验结果显示,在所有地面站中,77个站初霜日推后,78个站终霜日提前,87个站无霜期延长,其中35个站显著延长。全省初霜日显著推后（＋1.41 d/10 a）,终霜日显著提前（-2.57 d/10 a）,无霜期显著延长（＋3.72 d/10 a）。初霜日推后和终霜日提前对无霜期延长的贡献约分别为1/3和2/3。Pearson相关分析证明,在全省范围内,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期与年平均气温、纬度和海拔具有密切关系。直线回归分析显示,气温每升高1℃,初霜日迟4.7 d,终霜日早4.1 d,无霜期延长8.8 d。纬度每北移1o,初霜日早6.1 d;终霜日迟4.5 d;无霜期短10.6 d。海拔每升高100 m,初霜日早3.4 d;终霜日迟2.8 d;无霜期短6.2 d。对初霜日、终霜日和无霜期这些特点的认识,对本区自然和人工生态系统管理、生态恢复和生态工程实施等具有重要意义。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.