一株产木聚糖酶的耐冷皮壳正青霉菌鉴定与酶谱分析

从青海冻土中分离得到1株产木聚糖酶的青霉菌QH11,通过菌落特征观察、显微特征观察和18S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定该菌为皮壳正青霉,其最适生长温度为20℃.该菌以玉米芯水不溶木聚糖为碳源,于20℃摇瓶培养,d 4木聚糖酶达到高峰,酶活为28.13 U/mL,比酶活为9.73 U/mg,粗酶液的最适温度为47.5℃.SDS-PAGE和酶谱分析表明,该菌可产生3种木聚糖酶,其亚基相埘分子质量(Mr)分别为20.5×103、23.0×103和35.0×103.图6参15     

嗜碱菌A4-10碱性纤维素酶产生条件及性质的初步研究

从４８ 份土壤和天然碱湖样品分离出能产生胞外碱性纤维素酶的嗜碱细菌１３５ 株,其中７ 株菌产酶活力大于３ Ｕ／ｍＬ,菌株Ａ４１０ 经条件试验后酶活力达２１ Ｕ／ｍＬ,该菌产生碱性纤维素酶最适培养温度为３４ ℃,最适碳源为ＣＭＣＮａ,最适氮源为复合蛋白胨和酵母粉,该酶的最适反应温度５５ ℃,最适反应ｐＨ９．０ ．     

嗜碱菌A4—10碱性纤维素酶产生及性质的初步研究

从４８份土壤和天然碱湖榈分离出能产生胞外碱性纤维素酶的嗜碱细菌１３５株,其中７株菌产酶活力大于３Ｕ／ｍＬ,菌株Ａ４－１０经条件试验后酶活力达２１Ｕ／ｍＬ,该菌产生碱性纤维素酶最适培养温度为３４℃,最适碳源为ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ,最适氮源为复合蛋白胨和酵母粉,该酶的最适反应温度５５℃,最适反应ｐＨ９．０。     

大熊猫肠道产果胶酶细菌的多样性及产酶特性

为探究大熊猫肠道微生物与消化的相互关系,利用果胶筛选培养基,从大熊猫新鲜粪便中分离具有产果胶酶活性的细菌,对获得的菌株采用生理生化特征和16S r DNA进行鉴定分类,探讨产果胶酶细菌多样性,并研究菌株的最适生长特性及产酶特性.共分离得到产果胶酶的细菌31株,属于志贺菌属(Shigella)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsilla)3个属,其中最高酶活为334.44 U/m L,最低酶活为15.6 U/m L.PF-4菌株具有最高的酶活,鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌,生长温度范围为16-45℃,生长p H范围是5-8,最适产酶时间为24 h,最适产酶温度为37℃,最适产酶p H为6.结果为研究大熊猫消化系统中微生物果胶酶的来源及性质提供了参考.     

深海沉积物宏基因组文库中产蛋白酶克隆的筛选及性质分析

提取东太平洋深海沉积物宏基因组DNA,构建了未培养微生物宏基因组文库.该文库平均插入片段30 kb以上,含有7 000个克隆,含外源DNA总长度约为210 Mb.从文库中筛选到18个产胞外蛋白酶的克隆,16S rRNA分析表明,它们分别来源于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)和弧菌(Vibrio)3个菌属.根据活性大小及来源菌株的16S rRNA序列比较,选择10个蛋白酶进行酶学性质分析,结果表明,它们的最适作用pH值在7～10之间,最适作用温度在10～40℃之间.其中Pro20蛋白酶最适作用温度最低,为10℃;Pro1蛋白酶具有最适作用温度低(20℃)、pH耐受性好、热稳定性较好等特性,具有良好的应用开发潜力.图6参16     

冰川环境耐冷菌的冷适蛋白酶分离纯化及酶学性质

采用离交和凝胶层析对“中国冰川1号”耐冷菌BacilluscereusSYPA23所产的蛋白酶进行分离纯化,并进行酶学性质研究.与中温酶相比,该蛋白酶具有较高的低温催化活力,其最适催化温度为42℃,适宜pH为7.0～8.5,SDSPAGE测定的分子量(Mr)为34.2×103.金属离子Mn2 、Ca2 对该酶有激活作用,Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Co2 对其活性有一定抑制作用.该酶属金属蛋白酶,其活性受EDTA强烈抑制,不受PMSF抑制.该蛋白酶具有低温酶典型的热不稳定性,0℃下半衰期24h,但Ca2 和一些低分子醇类物质能提高其稳定性.动力学数据分析表明,该蛋白酶在低温下对底物亲和能力高,在较宽温度范围内(25～45℃)均保持着较高的催化效能.图7表3参17     

一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5～10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.     

一株能分解纤维素的高温耐碱放线菌

对一株分离于堆肥的分解纤维素的放线菌的形态学和生理生化特征进行了研究．结果表明：基丝由分枝发达的不断裂的菌丝组成，气丝发达；孢子单个长在气丝上，孢子表面光滑，细胞壁含meso-DAP；该菌能分解纤维素，液化明胶、水解酪素和淀粉，在35-60℃生长，pH范围为6．0—12．0．按《伯杰氏系统细菌学鉴定手册》进行了鉴定，初步将此菌归为高温单孢菌属(Thermomonospora sp.)的一个新种．研究了产羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和滤纸酶(FPA)的条件．CMCase最适产酶时间为5d，FPA为8d，最适产酶温度为50℃，产酶最适起始pH为9．5—10．5．最适氮源为黄豆粉，最佳碳源为棉花纤维．图6表2参10     

一株耐冷菌所产降解酶的特性及应用

从我国寒冷地区筛选到一株能产低温降解酶的菌株.细菌学形态及16S rDNA鉴定表明,该菌株属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella),最适生长温度为5～15℃,属耐冷菌,并暂命名为Shewanella sp.J5.菌株J5分泌的降解酶中蛋白酶和淀粉酶所表现的活力较高,在0℃下分别仍能保持20%和40%的酶活性,最适温度分别为40℃和30℃,最适pH分别为8.0和7.0～10.0,且对热敏感,属于碱性低温酶;金属离子中Mn2+、Fe2+对蛋白酶有明显的促进作用,而淀粉酶对金属依赖性较小;HPSEC结果表明,低温蛋白酶在水解酪蛋白过程中,对相对分子质量10 000的大分子肽水解能力很强.脱氢酶酶活测定结果表明,低温下菌株活性显著高于常温活性污泥,5℃下,添加菌株J5到活性污泥中可使废水COD去除率提高33%.因此,该菌株在低温污水处理上具有一定的应用前景.     

一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶真菌的特性及产酶条件优化

从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8～10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.