宜宾市大气细颗粒水溶性离子污染特征研究

在川南地区的宜宾市开展了大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度及组分的季节观测分析,结果表明,采样点的PM_(2.5)年均浓度(51. 7μg/m~3)超过二级浓度限值47. 71%,同时全年有20. 94%的天数PM_(2.5)日均浓度超过二级浓度限值;冬季浓度最高、达81. 1μg/m~3,明显高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度总和冬(42. 42μg/m~3)秋(32. 73μg/m~3)春(24. 57μg/m~3)夏(17. 0μg/m~3),但占PM_(2.5)浓度的百分比的季节规律则刚好与之相反,为夏(54. 19%)春(48. 1%)秋(46. 91%)冬(45. 45%);其中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的3种二次无机离子组分,三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)的37. 47%。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的浓度均为冬季高于其他季节,但NO_3~-/PM_(2.5)冬(12. 22%)秋(11. 53%)春(8. 14%)夏(5. 43%)、NH_4~+/PM_(2.5)秋(9. 85%)夏(9. 15%)春(8. 52%)冬(7. 61%)、SO_4~(2-)/PM_(2.5)夏(26. 3%)春(20. 75%)秋(15. 82%)冬(14. 61%)。四个季节SOR值均大于NOR值,SOR值季节变化差异不大,但NOR值冬季明显高于其他季节。PM_(2.5)中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+冬季以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中,而夏季则主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4HSO_4存在。     

济南市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解济南市大气降水化学特征,于2015年1~12月在山东大学采集了降水样品,测定了p H值、电导率及水溶性无机离子、水溶性有机酸。结果表明,观测期间降水p H雨量加权均值为5.45,电导率均值为78.5μS/cm。降水中离子总浓度为1 189.07μeq/L,污染程度较为严重,其中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是浓度较高的阴离子,NH4+和Ca2+是主要的阳离子。降水中SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-为2.18,表明济南市大气污染向混合型转变趋势明显。济南市降水中有机酸浓度较低,甲酸和乙酸是主要的有机酸种类。     

2013年眉山市东坡区主城区降水化学组成特征

为了更好地了解眉山市东坡区主城区降水的化学组成特征,本文于2013年在东坡区环境监测站所在点采集到32场降水,并采用离子色谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计以及流动注射分析仪等分析降水中水溶性无机离子组份浓度,同时使用电导率仪测定降水的电导率,通过对这些数据的分析,总结得出:降水电导率加权年均值为100μs/cm,加权年均总离子浓度为982.21μeq/L,这两数的值均高于国内部分主要城市。另外,降水中主要组份依次是SO2-4、Ca2+、NO-3和NH+4,四者占总离子浓度的87%。NO-3/SO2-4质量浓度比的年均值为0.27,远小于1,说明本地区降水污染主要来自固定污染源。最后使用SPSS 19.0软件对降水中主要水溶性无机离子浓度进行相关性分析,推断出某些离子可能来自相同的污染源。     

夏冬两季胶州湾李村河口沉积物/大气汞的释放模拟研究

模拟研究了夏冬两季胶州湾李村河口沉积物中的汞向大气的释放,结果表明光照下沉积物样品中的汞快速向大气释放。光照8 h后,夏冬两季总汞的释放率分别为52%和27%;光照下,沉积物样品中的水溶态汞逐渐增加,酸溶态汞、有机质结合态汞和惰性汞逐渐减少,其中,有机质结合态汞释放率最大,酸溶态汞次之,惰性汞最小;一天之中,光照下沉积物样品总汞的释放通量先升高,再降低,夏季通量在12∶00~13∶00达到最大值1793μg/(m2.h),冬季通量在12∶00~13∶00达到最大值943μg/(m2.h),不同形态汞的日平均释放通量为有机质结合态汞>盐酸溶态汞>惰性汞。     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

雅安市夏季颗粒物水溶性离子组成特征

2010年夏季采集雅安市2个地点(四教和白马泉)的TSP、PM_(2.5)样品,并利用离子色谱和原子吸收等方法测定了颗粒物中主要水溶性离子的浓度。结果显示,四教TSP与PM_(2.5)的日均浓度分别为108.04±43.80μg/m3和85.84±29.65μg/m3,PM_(2.5)和TSP的百分比为0.79;白马泉TSP与PM_(2.5)的日均浓度分别为92.17±41.56μg/m3和72.30±28.55μg/m3,二者百分比为0.78。PM_(2.5)是TSP的主要组分。PM_(2.5)质量浓度昼夜变化明显,白天高于夜晚。阳离子与阴离子电荷总和之比值接近1。四教总离子浓度占TSP和PM_(2.5)的质量分数分别是26.10%和31.04%,而白马泉的分别为21.34%和24.07%。SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4为颗粒物中无机离子的主要组分,其昼夜浓度变化明显。相关性分析显示,两地的离子来源和组成形式均有所差异。NO-3/SO2-4在0.7以下,说明雅安市以固定污染源为主。PM_(2.5)中硫和氮的转化率均值均大于0.1,说明发生了二次转化,并且SO2的转化率远大于NO2。     

大通地区铝电解企业大气氟化物排放状况调查

随着地方经济的发展,铝电解业已成为大通地区的主要产业之一,但由此而带来的空气氟化物污染亦越来越重.2006年,据大通县环境监测站测试资料,中国铝业青海分公司周围空气氟化物年日均值浓度为19.93μg/dm3·d,比2005年上升了19.84%;桥头铝电股份有限公司周围空气氟化物年日均值浓度为18.47μg/dm3·d,比2005年上升36.7%;桥头地区平均值为9.3μg/dm3·d,分别超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996)3.0μg/dm3·d的5.64倍、5.16倍和城市标准7.0μg/dm3·d的0.33倍.为了解和掌握大通地区铝电解企业大气氟化物排放状况,文章从铝电解企业的生产状况,尤其是氟化盐消耗情况入手,引入氟平衡原理,计算出氟排放总量,并辅以监测资料,探讨大通地区空气氟化物排放状况.文章为环境管理决策和污染损害赔偿纠纷的调处具有一定的参考作用.     

金针菇产漆酶发酵条件的优化

采用液体摇瓶培养方法,探讨了碳源、氮源、pH值、培养时间等各种因素对金针菇分泌漆酶能力的影响,并采用正交试验对主要的影响因素进行了优化.优化培养条件为:pH在5.0-6.0范围内有利于金针菇漆酶的分泌,且以pH5.5为最佳;以葡萄糖为最佳碳源,尿素为最佳氮源,Cu2+浓度为60μmol/L有利于漆酶的分泌.正交试验表明,葡萄糖20g/L、尿素2g/L、250mL容量瓶中装液量50mL、pH5.5,以邻联甲苯胺作底物,经7d培养,金针菇漆酶酶活达最高峰,峰值酶活为328U/mL.     

沈阳市秋冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征及来源分析

通过分析沈阳市环境空气秋冬季PM_2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度,研究环境空气PM_2.5中OC,EC的污染特征。研究结果表明：沈阳城区秋季环境空气EC和OC质量浓度较高;秋冬季二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别达到8.28～14.81μg/m³和6.98～11.59μg/m³,二次污染程度较为严重;通过碳组分进行主成分分析,秋冬季碳组分主要来源于生物质燃烧、燃煤排放和汽油车尾气;冬季K⁺与OC,EC,SOC之间的相关性较好,K⁺与OC,EC,SOC具有一定的同源性;冬季OC与EC相关性较好,冬季碳质气溶胶污染源来源相对一致。     

川渝两地吴茱萸的有效成分测定分析

建立同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和柠檬苦素含量的高效液相色谱的新方法,以测定川渝两地吴茱萸有效成分的含量.采用色谱柱Zorbax Eclipse C<,18>(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃-0.02%磷酸水溶液(22:13:65)1.0mL/min,检测波长220nm,柱温35℃进行测定.结果表明,吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和柠檬苦素分别在0.051-0.518μg(r=0.9997)、0.021-0.212μg(r=0.9995)、0.085-0.427μg(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线形关系.川渝两地吴茱萸总碱的平均值为1.340%,柠檬苦素含量的平均值为0.4138%,吴茱萸、柠檬苦素含量不能达到药典要求.     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.