生命周期评价研究

介绍了生命周期评价(LCA)的基本定义、技术框架及目前的研究方法，指出LCA方法的局限性，提出应该发展实用的LCA。     

棉织品的生命周期评价

生命周期评价（LCA）是ISO14000管理体系的重要组成部分，本文将棉捉品生命周期的四个阶段对环境的影响分别进行了评估，并将结果汇总计算，比较分析了在棉织品生命周期中，对环境影响最大的阶段，从而为棉织品的生态设计提供了依据。     

镁合金在笔记本电脑外壳材料替代中的环境协调性评价

本文应用生命周期评价，（life cycle assessment，LCA）方法，对镁合金以及塑料这两种笔记本电脑外壳进行了初步评价和比较，结果表明镁舍金能源消耗、温室效应方面为塑料的556．31％、383．30%。但在材料的性能、资源消耗、酸化效应、生态毒理、材料的再生性等方面明显优于塑料。     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗，并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。本文运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直至污水厂施工建设，处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析，并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明，AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可比普通活性污泥法分别节省9．5％和15．8％，但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态，其比较耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

生命周期评价在我国固体废物环境管理中的应用

生命周期评价是评价产品、工艺或活动（服务）整个生命周期阶段有关环境负荷,进而辨识和评价减少环境影响机会的一种非常有用的工具。将生命周期评价应用于固体废物环境管理,无疑对于我国建立科学化的固体废物环境管理模式具有十分重要的作用。本文对生命周期评价的定义、主要阶段、应用工具、特点进行了阐述,并对生命周期评价如何应用于我国固体废物环境管理进行了探讨。     

阳离子染料废水治理技术

介绍了阳离子染料废水的特点，以及近年来阳离子染料废水的各种处理技术，并对阳离子染料废水处理技术的发展进行了展望，指出阳离子废水处理技术正朝着各种工艺优化组合的方向发展。     

高浓度焦化废水处理及再生回用技术

简述了国内大部分焦化厂目前采用的焦化废水处理组合工艺存在的问题,介绍了高浓度(未稀释)焦化废水处理的技术原理及工艺特点,结合工程应用实例,指出高浓度焦化废水处理及再生回用技术具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

油田作业废水处理技术研究进展

文章讨论了作业废水的组成与特点,并对近年来钻井废水处理工艺,酸化废水处理工艺,压裂废水处理工艺进行了总结与评述。根据作业废水的处理现状,对未来作业废水的处理技术进行了展望。油田废水处理主要向以下三个方面发展:开发新型处理药剂;建立高效处理工艺流程;从污水源头开始控制。     

厌氧氨氧化污水处理技术及实际应用

作为一种新型的脱氮工艺,厌氧氨氧化技术在进行污水处理的过程中以其节能降耗,且污泥产生量小的独特优势在国内外备受推崇和关注。近年来,以其为主体的污水处理技术也实现了在各类污水废水处理中的成功应用,有较好的环境和经济效益。文章基于对厌氧氨氧化污水处理技术的研究,分析和探讨了厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧氨氧化工艺以及污水处理实际应用等,并指出了该项技术在污水处理中的应用前景。     

新型厌氧处理反应器的发展及应用

厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统。因其运行费用低，能耗少且可产生有用副产物等优点在世界范围内得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文对厌氧反应器的由来，发展与应用进行了较系统的论述，重点介绍了新型厌氧反应器的研究与应用前景；认为目前应用的是以高速厌氧反应器为代表的工艺，但必须提高系统的稳定性，缩短系统的启动周期；同时应完善适宜于处理需高温厌氧处理的废水，低浓度有机废水以及高浓度有毒物质废水的反应器。新方法或新材料如膜技术的应用以及分级“多相”厌氧反应器可能在将来的废水处理中发挥作用。此外厌氧反应器与其他废水处理系统组成的厌氧－好氧系统，厌氧－湿地系统等综合处理系统更拓展了其应用范围。在我国这样能源短缺，资金不足的发展中, 有效又价廉的厌氧处理反应器特别适合我国国情。     

Estimation of Daily Streamflow of Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds by Combining Estimated Magnitude and Sequence

Commonly used methods to predict streamflow at ungauged watersheds implicitly predict streamflow magnitude and temporal sequence concurrently. An alternative approach that has not been fully explored is the conceptualization of streamflow as a composite of two separable components of magnitude and sequence, where each component is estimated separately and then combined. Magnitude is modeled using the flow duration curve (FDC), whereas sequence is modeled by transferring streamflow sequence of gauged watershed(s). This study tests the applicability of the approach on watersheds ranging in size from about 25‐7,226 km² in Southeastern Coastal Plain (U.S.) with substantial surface storage of wetlands. A 19‐point regionalized FDC is developed to estimate streamflow magnitude using the three most selected variables (drainage area, hydrologic soil index, and maximum 24‐h precipitation with a recurrence interval of 100 years) by a greedy‐heuristic search process. The results of validation on four watersheds (Trent River, North Carolina: 02092500; Satilla River, Georgia: 02226500; Black River, South Carolina: 02136000; and Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina: 02176500) yielded Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.86‐0.98 for the predicted magnitude and 0.09‐0.84 for the predicted daily streamflow over a simulation period of 1960‐2010. The prediction accuracy of the method on two headwater watersheds at Santee Experimental Forest in coastal South Carolina was weak, but comparable to simulations by MIKE‐SHE.     

A Method to Assess and Define Environmental Flow Rules for Large Jurisdictional Regions1

Snelder, Ton, Doug Booker, and Nicolas Lamouroux, 2011. A Method to Assess and Define Environmental Flow Rules for Large Jurisdictional Regions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):828‐840. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00556.x Abstract: Hydrological rules of thumb are used across jurisdictional regions to set minimum flows and allocation limits that apply by default (i.e., when more detailed site‐scale studies have not been carried out). Uniform rules do not account for spatial variation in environmental characteristics, resulting in inconsistent consequences for the protection of ecosystems, and the reliability of water resources. We developed a method for assessing hydrological rules of thumb that describes their consequences for protection of the ecosystem (in terms of retention of physical habitat) and the reliability of the water resource. The method links regionalized flow duration curves, at‐station hydraulic geometry, and generalized physical habitat models to make assessments at many locations across a region. The method estimates, for a given set of rules, the retained physical habitat for specified taxa/life stages and the proportion of the time abstractions are restricted. We applied the method to assess a set of rules that are proposed as default minimum flows and allocation limits for New Zealand rivers. The assessment showed that the minimum flow rules had variable consequences. The method could be used to quantify the tradeoff between environmental protection and water resources availability and reliability.     

EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASE FLOW OF SELECTED SOUTH-SHORE STREAMS,LONG ISLAND,NEW YORK1

ABSTRACT: Hydrograph analysis of six streams on the south shore of Long Island indicates that eastward urbanization during the last three decades has significantly reduced base flow to streams. Before urbanization, roughly 95 percent of total annual stream flow on Long Island was base flow. In urbanized southwestern Nassau County, storm water sewerage, increased impervious surface area, and sanitary sewerage have reduced base flow to 20 percent of total stream flow. In an adjacent urbanized but unsewered area in southeastern Nassau County, base flow has decreased to 84 percent of total annual stream flow. In contrast, base flow in two streams in rural areas has remained virtually constant, averaging roughly 95 percent of total annual flow throughout the 1955-70 study period. Double-mass curve analysis of base flow as a percentage of total annual stream flow indicates that (1) changes in stream flow characteristics began in the early 1960's in the sewered area and in the late 1960's in the later urbanized, unsewered area, and (2) a new equilibrium has been established between the streams in the sewered area and the new hydrologic characteristics of their urbanized drainage basins.     

KINEMATIC FLOW ON LONG IMPERMEABLE PLANES1

An analysis of more than 200 overland flow hydrographs generated by simulated rainfall on long impermeable planes showed that kinematic waves prevailed over dynamic waves. Although laminar flow appears to occur at low flows, most flows appear to be either in the transition from the laminar to the turbulent state or in a fully developed turbulent state. Location of the laminar-turbulent transition could not be explained in terms of Reynolds number alone. The transition was significantly affected by rainfall intensity-a factor which rendered quantification of the transition indeterminate. However, the error involved in treating all flows as turbulent would be small with the resulting analysis made considerably less complex.     

烟气脱硫喷淋塔气体旋流实验研究

提出在烟气脱硫喷淋塔烟气进口设置导流板或采用切向进口,使烟气在塔内螺旋流动,以延长停留时间,加强气液湍动接触,并可改善系统的负荷调节适应能力。对不同进口结构的塔内流速分布、压力损失进行了实验研究,得出了旋流强度、压力损失等随导流板角度的变化关系,并将旋流情况与常规的直流进行了比较。     

中国镁产业生态系统物质流与价值流的生命周期分析

基于物质流分析基本框架,构建了镁产业生态系统的物质流分析模型,定量分析了2015年我国宏观层次镁金属材料在其生命周期各个阶段的物质流与价值流,并核算了以皮江法工艺炼镁产生的生态包袱,同时结合e!Sankeypro 4.5.3绘图软件进行可视化表达与分析。结果表明：①原镁生产过程中资源消耗量较大,皮江法工艺每生产1t原镁的非生物资源输入量和资源直接输入量分别达到59.3t和16.4t,而生态包袱约为资源直接输入量的3.6倍,物质输入端优化的关键在于提高白云石与燃料的利用效率。② 2006-2015年镁产业生态包袱整体呈现上升趋势,清洁生产与循环经济是新时代镁产业生态化发展的对策。③皮江法炼镁的资源物质投入类别中硅铁与煤的价格居高,影响了价值产出率;废镁潜在利用价值较大。④受国内与国际市场需求的影响,迫切需要调整镁产品生产结构以应对未来发展挑战。最后,从资源利用效率、节能减排、回收利用体系、优化产品结构等方面提出了环境管理措施,以期为我国金属镁等矿产资源的循环利用以及绿色发展提供决策依据。     

EFFECT OF SURFACE MINING ON STORM FLOW AND PEAK FLOW FROM SIX SMALL BASINS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic records from six small Eastern Kentucky watersheds were analyzed to determine the effect of surface mining on storm flows and peak flows. Average storm flow volumes were not changed by surface mining, whereas average peak flows were increased 36 percent. Peak flow increases were only in the summer. Smaller peak flows are doubled; moderate ones are increased by about a third; peak flows around 100 csm seem to be largely unaffected; and the larger peak flows may have been reduced by surface mining. The maximum annual storm flows, usually in winter or spring, appeared slightly reduced. No time trend in either storm flows or peak flows could be detected in five years of postmining record. Surface mining is not a serious floodwater discharge problem.     

CHANNEL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY THERMODILUTION1

ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of applying thermodilution technology to discharge measurements in small open channels. A series of tests were performed in which the time-temperature dilution curves were recorded and analyzed. The independent variables included the channel discharge, the injectate drop height, the volume of tracer, and the mixing distance. Flows ranged from 0.67 cfs to 2.45 cfs with Froude numbers less than 0.30. The results indicated that the thermodilution technique is a feasible method for discharge measurement. It was determined that a heat content, 1°, of 40°C provides a design criteria in which the mixing distance was related to the flow depth and discharge in a rectangular channel. An empirical expression was derived to determine the approximate mixing distance as a function of the flow depth.     

FLOW ROUTING MODELS FOR STREAM SYSTEM STUDIES1

ABSTRACT. Studies to determine frequency characteristics of regulated streams at points within a stream system require the use of flow routing models. This study compares several different flow routing methods using data from six river reaches. Results indicate that approximate flow routing methods yield good flow estimates when compared with observed flows. The unit response method, recently introduced, performed as well as other approximate methods for all reaches studied and gave better results for reaches subject to power releases.     

Return to the River: Environmental Flow Policy in the United States and Canada1

Abstract: This paper provides an overview and summary of United States and Canadian federal, state, and provincial laws that offer some form of legal protection for environmental flows. Special attention is given to the new “second generation” law established in Texas and to ways western states are beginning to encourage transactions that help restore dewatered streams. Progress in the eastern states and some Canadian provinces to provide environmental flow protection is addressed. Based on this review, this paper presents recommended elements of a “model” environmental flow policy.