国外石油天然气开采行业清洁生产技术发展动态

对比和分析了各国或国际组织关于清洁生产含义的不同解释方法,阐述了石油天然气开采行业清洁生产的基本概念。在此基础上,按照物探、钻井、井下作业(包括试油、酸化及酸压、压裂、修井)、采油及采气生产几个工艺环节,对国际上石油天然气开采行业清洁生产最新技术进行了详细总结和分析。针对我国相关行业的清洁生产水平,提出了实用有效的技术发展对策和建议。     

国家重点行业清洁生产技术导向目录(第三批)

为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》，引导企业采用先进的清洁生产工艺和技术，国家发展和改革委，国家环境保护总局于2006年11月27日发布了《国家重点行业清洁生产技术导向目录》（第三批）（2006年第86号），该目录涉及钢铁，有色金属，电力，煤炭，化工，建材，纺织等行业，共28项清洁生产技术。现刊登如下。[编者按]     

镇海炼化首创工艺大幅降低二氧化硫排放浓度

镇海炼化国内首创“硫磺装置加氢催化剂预硫化尾气再脱硫”操作技术,该工艺使硫磺装置开工阶段二氧化硫排放浓度下降7倍以上。     

钻井固体废物制免烧砖技术及应用

针对钻井固废制免烧砖技术的首次工程运用,说明了钻井固废处置资源化技术的技术背景和技术流程,分析了工程运用过程中存在的优点及存在的问题,认为该技术为钻井固废治理提供了可靠的资源化技术,对石油天然气钻探清洁生产具有重要意义。     

电镀工业污染最小化知识库系统

电镀工艺污染最小化知识库系统是在Windows95环境下采用Visual Basica5.0为编程语言和Access为数据库而开发的实用系统，该知识库系统具有清洁生产审计信息编辑、查询、统计、报表生成等功能，根据录入的信息提出推荐的清洁生产方案供使用者选择，并且可利用该知识库系统对工艺设计、操作人员进行该行业污染最小化技术的培训。该系统是一个动态可发展知识库系统，使用者可十分便捷地更新和添加知识库的内容。     

硫化钠脱除二氧化硫工业烟气试验

为了治理金川公司火力发电厂燃烧煤产生的烟气中的二氧化硫，采用硫化钠脱除二氧化硫工业烟气工艺，试验证实该工艺脱硫率高并产出高附加值的产品。     

清洁生产在江苏油田采油工艺中的应用

近年来,江苏油田加大采油清洁生产系列工艺技术的研究力度,自行研发了插管卡堵水采油工艺、侧钻井卡堵水工艺、带压作业技术、中频感应加热单管集输工艺、太阳能辅助电加热技术等一系列新型节能、降耗、减污、增效的采油清洁生产工艺技术,并在油田开发中得到了广泛的应用,取得了明显的经济和社会效益。     

四川省食盐加工业清洁生产评价指标基准值和权重值的分析

为提升四川省食盐加工业清洁生产技术水平,提高资源利用率,从源头削减污染。结合四川省食盐加工业的工艺特点、污染特征,并按照清洁生产的要求,在四川省食盐加工业清洁生产评价指标设定的基础上,确定各评价指标的基准值和权重系数,构建评价指标体系,为四川省食盐加工业清洁生产的评估提供技术支撑。     

燃煤二氧化硫排放污染防治技术政策

１．总则１．１我国目前燃煤二氧化硫排放量占二氧化硫排放总量的９０％以上，为推动能源合理利用、经济结构调整和产业升级，控制燃煤造成的二氧化硫大量排放，遏制酸沉降污染恶化趋势，防治城市空气污染，根据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》以及《国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》的有关要求，并结合相关法规、政策和标准，制定本技术政策。１．２本技术政策是为实现２００５年全国二氧化硫排放量在２０００年基础上削减１０％，“两控区”二氧化硫排放量减少２０％，改善城市环境空气质量的控制目标提供技术支持和导向。１．３…     

数据包络分析(DEA)模型在清洁生产评价中的应用

清洁生产技术方案评价对于指导企业实施清洁生产有重要意义。将污染物产生量数据作为一种输入引入数据包络分析(DEA)模型，利用该模型对清洁生产技术方案中的投入、产出和污染物发生量进行有效性评价。分析不同方案相对效率值、目标改进值，发现最有效的清洁生产技术方案，达到经济效益和环境效益的统一。本研究为企业筛选和决策可实施清洁生产技术方案提供技术理论支持。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。