关于中国农村土地制度的产权经济思考──兼论我国农村土地的复合所有制

本文首先运用现代产权经济理论对我国农村现行土地制度进行了分析,进而提出我国农村土地宜实行复合所有制,并从土地特征、我国现实情况、土地印度的历史变迁,农地制度改革的风险和成本、各国土地制度变迁的趋势等方面进行了论证.     

关于中国农村土地制度的产权经济思考

本文首先运用现代产权经济理论对我国农村现行土地制度进行分析，进而提出我国农村土地宜实行复合所有制，并从土地特征、我国现实情况、土地制度的历史变迁，农地制度改革的风险和成本、各国土地制度变迁的趋势等方面进行了论证。     

生态文明产权制度的界定、分类及框架研究

生态文明产权制度是生态文明制度体系建设的根基。生态文明产权制度可划分为自然资源产权制度、环境资源产权制度和气候资源产权制度三大类别。自然资源产权制度包含水权、林权、矿权、渔权和能权,环境资源产权制度包含排污权和生态权,气候资源产权制度包含碳排污权和碳汇。在大国责任的国际背景下,生态文明产权可用总量控制是硬性约束,必须以自然、环境和气候资源的产权总量控制为前提,确保全国总体生态水平在可预见的时间达到可控制的范围之内。有效地推进自然、环境和气候资源的初始产权界定,运用生态文明产权价格机制促进生态文明产权交易,并运用生态文明产权保护制度确保初始产权界定、产权交易机制和产权价格机制的顺利推进和开展。形成以产权总量控制为前提,以初始产权的界定和分配为基础,以产权交易机制为手段,以产权价格机制为核心,以产权保护制度为保障生态文明产权制度框架。     

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会:基于新制度经济学的视角

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，需要在人与自然和谐发展的共有信念下，通过制度创新和制度变迁，实现个体理性向集体理性的收敛。制度变迁是构建资源节约型、环境友好型社会的关键所在，而制度变迁的内在机理是资源相对价格和人们消费偏好的变迁。通过强制性制度变迁，建立完善的法律法规体系、政策支持体系、技术创新体系和激励约束机制，形成低投入、低消耗、低排放和高效率的节约型增长方式；通过诱致性制度变迁，唤起公众的节约意识和环保意识，从而提升整个社会的环境责任感，让足够的认知成为公众自觉行动的能力。     

资源环境政策选择中的公民参与问题研究

资源环境政策是公共权力机关利用公权力对资源本身以及由资源环境产生的利益进行分配的过程,是对环境公共利益的分配与选择,它具有全民性、复杂性和不可复制性的特征,是社会公众关注的热点。从公众参与政策选择的角度出发,研究了公众参与政策选择的必要性,归纳概括了公众参与政策选择时出现的非理性因素绑架民意、政府屈从民意、降低政策选择效率等问题,并从加强沟通、争取信任,建立健全政策参与制度,改进政府管理,提升公众参与意识四个方面探索解决问题的对策。     

小水利之殇与农村的“公共悲剧”

自然危机有时会折射出制度危机。西南地区农村旱灾扩大化、深刻化的原因，表面上是小水客的低效、无用，以及对于村庄防洪、防旱非常关键的陂塘的瘫痪、半瘫痪状况。深层暴露出的是”大包干”制度后地块产权细碎化、集体组织能力和统筹能力空洞化这一中国农村的“公共悲剧”。30年前，农村产权之变开中国改革序幕：今天的西南旱灾，是农村制度创新乃至中国制度创新的契机吗？     

多时域航空影象与GIS应用——武昌县土地资源变迁分析

通过对武昌县多时域航空影象的判读和 GIS 的快速处理,结合其它辅助数据,对不同时期武昌县土地资源变化情况作了定性、定量和定位的分析研究.研究结果表明,多时域航空影象能较快地获取有关土地资源演变的静态和动态信息。GIS 是进行土地变迁复合研究及县域规划管理的一种有效技术手段。     

不确定条件下矿产资源的最优开采

通过一个连续时间的随机动态规划模型,探讨了市场需求、资源存量的不确定性以及勘探活动对矿产资源价格和开采速度的影响,并给出了随机条件下Hotelling法则的表达形式.模型结果显示:不确定性对资源价格变化速度的影响主要取决于开采成本,如果相对于资源存量来说开采成本是不变的或者开采的规模成本是不变的,则不确定性对资源价格的变化速度没有影响.反之,如果开采的规模成本是递增的,则不确定性会加速资源价格的变化.此外,不确定性的存在将加快资源的开采速度.至于勘探活动,它一方面降低了地质条件的不确定性,另一方面增加了资源的存量,所以勘探活动降低了资源价格和开采速度的变化率,减少了不确定性对资源开采的影响.     

组态视角下制度和资源因素对城市绿色技术创新的影响研究北大核心

城市绿色技术创新是推动我国经济高质量发展和绿色转型的关键要素。以173个城市为案例,结合制度基础观与资源基础观理论,应用模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)和必要条件分析法(NCA)探究了制度环境和资源投入对城市绿色技术创新的协调联动关系,剖析了驱动城市绿色技术创新的多重并发因果机制和多元路径。结果发现:(1)单一的制度环境或资源投入均无法有效激励城市绿色技术创新,需要二者联动匹配才能促进绿色技术创新。(2)产生高绿色技术创新的组态路径包括5种:媒体关注—外资—人才投入驱动型、环境规制—资源投入驱动型、公众—媒体关注—内资投入驱动型、公众关注—内资—人才投入驱动型和多要素复合驱动型。     

“阳光体育”背景下学校体育管理变革利益分析

从"阳光体育"助推学校体育管理变革出发,借鉴和运用利益相关者理论,分析我国学校体育管理变革的逻辑基础以及划分出不同的利益相关者,指出学校体育管理变革实质上就是各利益相关者之间利益博弈或行为协作的制度变迁过程,其结果是各利益相关者对学校体育资源及其附属品的再分配,其中利益冲突是变革的核心内容,而造成利益冲突的原因是多方面的。走向利益均衡是学校体育管理变革的基本价值取向。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.