嘉兴市印染行业中水回用率影响因素及对策研究

对嘉兴市3类印染企业中水回用率影响因素进行了全面调查,并对废水排放量大的化纤印染企业开展了典型调查.结果表明:嘉兴市印染企业共354家,小型企业占65.3％,微型企业占16.1％.化纤印染企业占57.6％,其原料和助剂用量最大,废水排放量最高.不同染色工艺中,溢流染色工艺COD产污系数最大,31家化纤印染、22家棉印染...     

局部地区印染废水集中治理探索

分析了地区性的印染废水排放情况以及水污染治理的现状,综合比较了印染废水的主要处理工艺,对地区印染废水实施集中治理进行了初步设想,并推荐了主要处理工艺和流程,对提高行业水污染治理水平、改善区域环境质量具有探索性意义.     

印染工业园区集中废水处理达标难点及DOM特征解析

以太湖流域某印染工业园区中集中废水处理厂为研究对象,分析有机物、氮、磷等污染物的水质变化特征,发现其出水TP、TN、NH3-N、COD的平均浓度分别为0.20、5.39、0.60和55 mg·L-1,COD应对新标准DB32-2018要求存在达标风险。为解决COD能够稳定达标的问题,通过3D-EEM、FT-IR和GC-MS等方法分析了该印染废水在处理过程中溶解性有机物的去除及迁移转化规律。结果表明:经生化处理后的废水荧光强度显著降低,深度处理后的色氨酸类物质被显著去除,出水中荧光特征峰明显减弱,大部分蛋白质与腐殖酸类物质被去除;各单元出水中存在不饱和双键类和芳香类化合物,典型官能团以—OH、C=O和C≡N等不饱和键为主;出水中主要成分为2,4'-二氟二苯甲酮和4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮,判断其为该印染园区废水中的特征有机污染物。该方法明确了印染园区集中废水处理难点及溶解性有机物特征,为类似废水处理提供数据和技术支撑。     

用兼氧,好氧生物接触氧化一气浮工艺处理高浓度印染废水

介绍了常温条件下,采用兼氧、好氧化生物接触氧化一气浮高浓度印染废水的工程应用,结果表明,在常温下印染废水经该工艺纺织印染綮不的实际工程中。     

混凝—生物接触氧化法处理印染废水工艺探讨

介绍了混凝—水解酸化—接触氧化—混凝气浮处理印染废水的工程应用。结果表明 ,印染废水经该工艺处理后 ,CODCr去除率达 95 % ,色度去除率达 90 % ,该工艺具有占地面积小 ,脱色效果好 ,处理效率高等特点 ,能广泛应用于纺织印染废水的实际工程中     

印染废水和抛煤机锅炉烟尘综合治理

印染废水和抛煤机锅炉烟尘是两大污染源.印染废水中较难处理的一是脱色,二是COD的去除.抛煤机锅炉排放烟尘浓度过高,经各种干式除尘器和多个湿式除尘器净化,仍不能达到国家规定的排放标准.本工艺运用烟尘的表面吸附、接触凝聚、气水冲击和气液接触等多种原理,实现了利用锅炉烟尘处理印染废水和利用印染废水净化锅炉烟尘的综合治理目的,经过二年多的工业化运行表明,这种工艺是合理的.也是可行的.     

水解酸化工艺处理印染废水的机理

为了研究水解酸化工艺处理印染废水机理及其必要性,尝试用分子量及其分布和聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解程度作为论证指标,并综合后续好氧生物处理。提出以VFA产生和p H显著下降作为印染废水水解酸化的评判标准是不适用的;印染废水水解酸化的作用主要在水解阶段,COD虽没有明显降低,但分子量和PVA随着反应过程有显著下降;印染废水水解酸化可以大大降低好氧生物处理的难度,经过水解酸化的印染废水比未经水解酸化的印染废水好氧生物处理后COD去除率高40.2%,分子量下降率高66.2%。     

微絮凝-直接过滤工艺用于东江流域典型印染废水回用的实验研究

以东莞地区某典型印染企业尾水为研究对象,针对东江流域饮用水源河流水质污染现状及纳污河流水质改善目标要求与企业对尾水回用的实际需求,进行了印染废水深度处理回用工艺的适用性研究.通过混凝烧杯实验,选用工业PACl、FeSO4、HPAC 3种药剂,对微絮凝-直接过滤集成工艺用于印染废水尾水深度处理后水质回用的可行性,进行了实...     

印染废水出水回用与实践

采用过滤-碳纤维吸附工艺对印染废水一级出水进行深度处理,废水COD可由80 mg/L降至30～40mg/L,出水水质完全满足生产工艺回用水要求.该技术具有工艺简单、投资少、运行费用低、操作简单等优点,特别适用于水资源短缺的中小印染企业.     

绍兴乡镇印染企业废水治理技术的探讨

本文调查、对比了绍兴县乡镇印染企业所采用的六种处理印染废水的方法,用“去除每公斤 COD 运转费”作为综合指标,评价了各种方法的经济效益和环境效益,认为混凝沉淀或气浮法(后接氧化塘处理)是目前治理乡镇企业印染废水的较佳方案。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.