污染土壤电动修复增强方法研究进展

污染土壤电动修复是一项新兴绿色原位修复技术。其原理是在土壤上施加直流电场，利用电迁移和电渗去除污染物，土壤pH、Zeta电位以及土壤化学性质等因素影响电动修复效果。为了提高修复效率和扩大电动修复应用范围，现在已经发展了针对不同类型土壤和污染物的增强修复技术。本文归纳总结了1995年以来土壤电动修复中常用增强处理效果的8种方法，即酸碱中和法、阳离子选择膜法、电渗析法、络合剂法、表面活性剂法、氧化-还原法、EK-生物联用和Lasagna^TM法，且对每种方法的典型实验装置、增强原理、方法特点和适用范围等进行了分析和讨论，为以后的实验设计提供了有益的参考。     

污染土壤电动修复增强方法研究进展

污染土壤电动修复是一项新兴绿色原位修复技术。其原理是在土壤上施加直流电场 ,利用电迁移和电渗去除污染物 ,土壤pH、Zeta电位以及土壤化学性质等因素影响电动修复效果。为了提高修复效率和扩大电动修复应用范围 ,现在已经发展了针对不同类型土壤和污染物的增强修复技术。本文归纳总结了 1995年以来土壤电动修复中常用增强处理效果的 8种方法 ,即酸碱中和法、阳离子选择膜法、电渗析法、络合剂法、表面活性剂法、氧化 还原法、EK 生物联用和LasagnaTM法 ,且对每种方法的典型实验装置、增强原理、方法特点和适用范围等进行了分析和讨论 ,为以后的实验设计提供了有益的参考     

污染土壤的淋洗法修复研究进展

污染土壤淋洗技术是修复污染土壤的一种新方法 ,是对污染土壤生物修复的一种补充 ,使污染土壤修复的系统化成为可能。淋洗法主要使用淋洗剂清洗土壤 ,使土壤中污染物随淋洗剂流出 ,然后对淋洗剂及土壤进行后续处理 ,从而达到修复污染土壤的目的。因为淋洗剂的种类和淋洗方式的不同 ,土壤淋洗法可分为许多种类。土壤淋洗法主要受土壤条件、污染物类型、淋洗剂的种类和运行方式等因素影响。综合考虑多方面因素 ,就有潜力设计出经济高效的土壤淋洗系统。土壤淋洗法有很多优点 ,尽管也存在一些问题 ,但其技术上的优势也是其他方法难以取代的 ,所以有良好的应用前景。     

污染土壤的淋洗法修复研究进展

污染土壤淋洗技术是修复污染土壤的一种新方法，是对污染土壤生物修复的一种补充，使污染土壤修复的系统化成为可能。淋洗法主要使用淋洗剂清洗土壤，使土壤中污染物随淋洗剂流出，然后对淋洗剂及土壤进行后续处理，从而达到修复污染土壤的目的。因为淋洗剂的种类和淋洗方式的不同，土壤淋洗法可分为许多种类。土壤淋洗法主要受土壤条件、污染物类型、淋洗剂的种类和运行方式等因素影响。综合考虑多方面因素，就有潜力设计出经济高效的土壤淋洗系统。土壤淋洗法有很多优点，尽管也存在一些问题，但其技术上的优势也是其他方法难以取代的，所以有良好的应用前景。     

电动力耦合PRB技术修复POPs污染土壤

针对传统电动法修复土壤中持久性有机污染物(POPs)效率较低的问题,研究了电动力耦合渗透性反应墙(PRB)技术以提高污染物去除效率。以菲和2,4,6-三氯苯酚为目标污染物,铁碳混合物作为PRB填料,通过预实验确定了污染物的迁移方向及PRB的设置位置(靠近阴极),探究最佳修复时间和电压梯度下人工配制模拟污染土壤中目标污染物的去除效果。结果表明:菲和2,4,6-三氯苯酚都是随着电渗流从阳极向阴极进行迁移。在电压梯度为1 V·cm~(-1),控制铁碳PRB的pH为4,铁碳质量比为6∶1的条件下,经过15 d的修复,菲总去除率可比传统电动力技术提高69.86%,2,4,6-三氯苯酚总去除率可比传统电动力技术提高71.53%。研究表明,电动力耦合PRB比传统电动力技术有明显的优势,在修复有机污染土壤方面具有良好的发展前景。     

利用电动技术强化有机污染土壤原位修复研究

电动修复技术是近几年发展起来的一种新型土壤修复技术，由于其处理的高效性受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了利用电动技术强化土壤有机污染物原位修复的原理及其最新进展。电动强化有机物污染修复的基本原理是利用电动效应对有机物的迁移作用或者强化生物修复过程（注入营养物、电子受体和活性微生物等）达到去除污染物的目的。研究表明，该技术不破坏生态环境，安装操作简单成本低廉，具有广泛的应用前景，其中电动强化原位生物修复和能够适应于各种不同成分污染（如有机物重金属复合污染）的多技术联合是今后电动技术发展的重要方向。     

重金属污染土壤的强化电动修复技术研究进展

在土壤重金属污染日益严重的背景下,寻找一种简单高效的土壤修复技术刻不容缓。电动修复技术由于操作简单、处理污染物多样、修复快速、成本低廉等优点,成为重金属污染土壤修复领域的研究热点。简述了中国土壤重金属污染的现状,电动修复的原理及其影响因素,综述了近年来国内外有关强化电动修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展及国内外应用实例,分析了电动修复技术中存在的问题,最后指明了强化电动修复技术未来的研究方向。     

不同增强剂的电动技术对土壤中镉去除及土壤酶活性的影响

为了探讨基于不同增强剂的电动技术对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,采用0.1%浓度的草酸、柠檬酸、已二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、甲基甘氨酸二乙酸(MGDA)作为阴极电解液,电压梯度3 V·cm~(-1)连续通电10 d,同时考查土壤中Cd的电迁移效果以及土壤酶(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)活性的变化。结果表明:相对于传统电动法(清水组),增强剂明显提高了Cd在土壤中的迁移效果,且人工螯合剂效果优于有机酸,对总Cd去除率为MGDA(63.08%)EDTA(23.75%)柠檬酸(18.43%)草酸(16.41%)清水(8.73%)。相比于清水组,EDTA抑制了土壤中3种酶活性,柠檬酸、草酸可以改善脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,MGDA显著提高了3种酶的活性。结合Cd去除率和酶的影响分析,MGDA不仅能显著提高电动修复效率,且具备较低的土壤环境风险。     

突发性场地污染应急控制技术研究进展

随着中国社会经济水平的加速发展,近年来各类突发性场地污染事故频发,如何有效地在第一时间对污染物进行应急控制及场地修复显得尤为重要.以突发性场地污染为研究对象,探讨了土壤及地下水中污染物的应急控制及场地修复技术的研究状况,给出了各项应急控制技术在突发性场地污染事故中适用的目标污染物及土壤类型,以便在实际运用中根据场地的污染类型和土壤性质快速做出响应.最后还指出,应急控制技术作为一种暂时性处理手段,可在场地污染事故发生后对污染物扩散进行快速控制,但不可作为一种长期处置措施.     

几种典型土壤对电动修复镉污染效果的影响

选择5种典型土壤进行了镉污染的电动修复研究。结果表明,经12 d电动修复后,黑土、潮土、红壤、水稻土和黄棕壤中镉的去除率依次为16.7%、21.0%、47.1%、10.7%和12.6%。红壤靠阳极附近Cd含量由初期435 mg·kg-1降至32.4 mg·kg-1,迁移率高达92.5%。黑土、红壤和潮土都维持了较高的电流强度和电渗流量,但由于红壤对碱的缓冲能力较强,修复效果最好。水稻土中电渗流量高,但由于电流低,镉的去除率不高,说明电动修复中电迁移作用强于电渗析。修复后,土壤中可交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉总量减少,残渣态镉总量增加,有机结合态在阳极附近总量减少、阴极附近总量增加。上述结论揭示了电动修复的土壤镉污染的主要机制,通过镉的运动轨迹和形态分布,可预测不同土壤的电动修复效果,同时能改变不同土壤的电动修复策略,为场地修复提供参考。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.