Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

2015世界互联网大会期间嘉兴市大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源研究——以单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术为例

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术,于2015年12月12—23日互联网大会期间开展了嘉兴市细颗粒物污染特征和来源研究.结果显示,观测期间共捕捉到5次不同的污染过程,分别为:管控期的区域输送(P1)-清洁天(P2)-本地排放(P3)过程,以及管控后的污染反弹(P4)-重污染程(P5)过程.污染期间(P1、P5),硝酸盐含量及比例均有显著增加,并且增加的主要是老化的硝酸盐颗粒,表明硝酸盐的二次转化对长三角地区高浓度细颗粒物形成具有重要影响.受管控措施和南下的强冷空气影响,会议期间,除有机碳和生物质燃烧组分外,PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其它各组分浓度均有不同程度的下降.管控措施解除后(P5),受区域输送和本地污染物积累共同作用,颗粒物浓度开始反弹并持续升高,硝酸盐和EC组分均有明显增加,并且呈现出早、晚高峰值.源解析结果显示,P5期间颗粒物浓度反弹与机动车尾气排放密切相关.研究表明,实施管控措施对降低机动车尾气排放和PM_(2.5)质量浓度、改善环境空气质量等效果显著.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

上海霾与非霾期间大气颗粒物光学特性垂直分布特征和质量浓度对比研究

采用美国国家航空航天局的云-气溶胶激光雷达红外开拓者卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达数据产品,包括消光系数、光学厚度、总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,结合地面监测的颗粒物质量浓度,分析上海大气相对湿度小于80%霾发生期间气溶胶光学属性的垂直分布特征和颗粒物质量浓度变化,并与非霾期间进行比较.结果表明:霾期间532 nm和1064 nm消光系数在垂直高度上(海拔:0~10 km)均大于非霾期间,且大多数霾期间颗粒物在整层大气的光学厚度大于非霾期间.在近地面,霾期间大气颗粒物散射能力大于非霾期间.各垂直高度层,霾与非霾期间小粒径和规则气溶胶占主导地位.霾期间近地面大粒径颗粒物在霾期间所占比例大于非霾期间;2.0~4.0 km高度层,霾和非霾期间细颗粒所占比例接近;4.0~10.0 km高度层,霾期间细颗粒气溶胶所占比例大于非霾期间.PM1、PM2.5和PM10质量浓度在霾期间均大于非霾期间,且霾期间细颗粒物所占比例明显增加.颗粒物质量浓度和比值PM1/PM2.5和PM2.5/PM10分别随霾污染程度的加重而升高.冬季颗粒物质量浓度最高,主要来自细颗粒物的贡献;而春季PM10质量浓度高于其它季节.     

多元观测资料融合应用的灰霾天气关键成因研究

利用临安作为区域大气本底站的优势和杭州大气复合污染综合观测设施,再融合DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据及气象观测数据,从不同层面研究了灰霾天气形成的主导因素.通过浙江省灰霾日数空间分布与同时期Defense Meteorological Satellite System (DMSP)/Operational Linescan System (OLS)卫星遥感得到的夜间灯光分布对比以及1960-2009年间杭州和浙江省年平均灰疆日数演变过程,从空间和年代际变化两个角度论证了当前不科学的社会发展是造成灰霾天气日益严重的根本原因.通过杭州和临安本底站实际观测对比发现,对灰霾天气形成起主要作用的是细粒子,关键排放因子不是尘粒等气溶胶,而是黑碳、NO2、SO2等.脱硫减排可以使霾污染有所减缓,但由汽车尾气等排放的含氮前体物对霾污染的贡献却越显突出.气象条件是灰霾天气形成的外部控制因素.在各种天气形势中,由于高压控制下下沉气流明显、大气相对稳定,出现灰霾天气的概率最高,达64.5％.除天气形势、大气稳定度外,风速、气温、湿度、气压、降水、变温等地面气象因子及前1日PM10浓度对污染物浓度皆有一定影响,其中降水、湿度、风速与污染物浓度之间的相关性最显著,是灰霾天气形成的关键气象因子.     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.     

雾霾的产生机理及防治对策措施研究

雾霾是雾和霾的混合物,通过分析雾与霾产生的条件及产生机理,得出导致中国中东部产生雾霾的条件及原因是：空气湿度接近饱和、大气层结稳定、存在冷却条件及大量霾粒子。由于雾霾产生的条件中天气及气候因素目前人类难以控制,因此提出防治雾霾的关键是要控制目前受人类影响的霾离子的防治思路。结合国内外防治雾霾经验,提出中国防控雾霾的对策措施：污染源控制与治理措施、建立区域联防联控机制、完善和推进企业清洁生产制度、倡导绿色生活理念、建立霾预警制度、制定应急方案、研发新技术等。     

基于细微粒子污染的灰霾判定方法的研究

本文从细微粒子污染导致灰霾形成的角度出发,首先开展了灰霾监测实验,并对实验数据进行频数和描述性分析,研究了以PM10为主的细微粒子污染与灰霾的影响关系。确定了以PM10日平均浓度为灰霾目的判定依据,并根据中国大陆PM10污染指数的分级标准建立了灰霾等级指数,从而形成了一套根据PM10日平均浓度来确定不同等级的灰霾发生概率的方法,为灰霾预测及灰霾治理提供一定的理论依据。     

北京市2014年10月重霾污染特征及有机碳来源解析

2014年10月北京市出现了多次重霾天气,与此同时,通过全国秸秆燃烧卫星遥感监测发现,北京周边河南、河北等地区恰存在一定规模的秸秆燃烧活动. 对2014年10月4—27日北京市大气PM_2.5中的水溶性离子、金属、OC(有机碳)、EC(元素碳)和有机物示踪物等化学成分进行了分析,对霾天和非霾天PM_2.5中化学成分进行了比较,并使用CMB(化学质量平衡)模型对PM_2.5中有机物的来源进行了解析,采用后向轨迹模拟和卫星遥感图像定量评估生物质燃烧(秸秆燃烧等)对重霾污染的影响. 结果表明:霾天ρ(PM_2.5)〔(229.0±96.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的5.0倍,水溶性离子总质量浓度〔(125.3±59.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的6.5倍,ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)和ρ(NH₄+)分别是非霾天的6.1、8.6和7.1倍,ρ(OC)〔(81.8±39.5)μg/m3〕是非霾天的7.8倍,ρ(EC)〔(6.7±3.4)μg/m3〕是非霾天的4.2倍;霾天生物质燃烧的示踪物——左旋葡聚糖和K+的质量浓度平均值分别是非霾天的9.1和3.3倍. 生物质燃烧、机动车排放以及二次污染物对有机细颗粒物的贡献率分别为18.9%、36.9%和41.9%;二次细颗粒物质量浓度增加了1倍左右;气象条件同样在很大程度上促进了霾的形成. 常规的源解析方法仅可对生物质燃烧的一次污染贡献进行定量,但对重霾污染贡献的全面评价尚需进一步探讨.      

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

基于WRF-RTIM的上海地区霾预报MOS方法研究

应用基于系统辨识理论的实时迭代模式(real-time iterative model,RTIM)对WRF模式预报结果进行后处理,建立了上海地区霾天气的模式输出-统计(model output statistics,MOS)方法.首先,根据WRF模式的气象输出资料,结合大气污染观测数据,筛选出霾事件的预报因子;其次,运用系统辨识实时迭代模型,建立依据MOS预报方法的PM2.5、PM10和能见度预报模式;最后根据霾事件的判别标准,对上海2012年11月—2013年1月的霾日进行24 h和48 h预报.结果表明,PM2.5模式预报成功率为75.0%~63.9%,PM10模式预报成功率为87.5%~81.8%,能见度模式预报成功率为71.0%~74.2%,霾日预报成功率为73.7%~72.7%.分析表明,研究期间上海的气溶胶以细颗粒物为主,低能见度主要由导致霾现象的PM2.5引起.该方法能较准确地预报霾日的发生,可为我国城市大气环境业务预报提供参考依据.     

基于星地同步观测的华北平原中部背景地区冬季霾污染过程

利用地基观测结果和多源卫星遥感观测,结合气象数据及HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模式,对华北平原中部背景地区(河南省郑州市中牟县东南郊)冬季霾事件的污染物特征和形成过程进行分析.综合观测时间为2014年12月13日~2015年1月16日,共有5次霾过程,占观测总天数的82%.地面监测结果显示,不同的污染过程污染物浓度变化曲线相似,O₃浓度在清洁天浓度较高;NO_x、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5呈较强正相关性,NO_x、SO₂与 PM₁₀相关系数0.64、0.57,与PM_2.5相关系数0.56、0.45;近地面污染物以细粒子污染物为主,其中又以气态污染物二次生成的细粒子为主.AMPLE地基激光雷达和CALIPSO数据表明,华北平原霾层中上部受浮尘影响,以粗粒子污染物为主.气象探空数据表明该地区冬季大气对流层稳定利于霾的维持,假相当位温垂直差、K指数、露点差与能见度相关系数分别为0.52、0.56和 0.38.分析近地面风速风向对霾过程的影响表明,该地区冬季以南方向静小风为主,风速与能见度相关系数为0.32 ,PM₁受东北方向污染源影响,PM_1~2.5及PM_2.5~10受西北方向污染源影响;结合高空风场分析,霾过程1受西北浮尘影响,霾过程5受南来水汽影响.通过后向轨迹分析,该地区冬季的低空污染传输主要来自东北和西北方向,其中东北方向区域传输来自河北与山东,占来源比例的14%,近距离污染传输主要来自站点以西的郑州、洛阳,约占来源比例的33%.     

城市不同源雾霾颗粒物健康风险差异评估比较

通过研究不同来源霾颗粒物对大鼠气管上皮细胞（RTE cells）电阻抗变化和细胞自噬因子的影响,评价不同来源霾颗粒物对人体健康风险的差异性.分别将RTE暴露于从居民区（I）,高架交通源（Ⅱ）和化工园区（Ⅲ）采集的3种雾霾颗粒物中,统一暴露浓度和时间分别为100mg/L和24h.通过电子细胞基质阻抗检测（ECIS）细胞增长引起的阻抗变化和细胞电损伤恢复时间;通过蛋白免疫印迹测定p62,Atg5,Atg7,Beclin1,LC3B和mTOR蛋白表达量来分析比较不同来源雾霾颗粒物对RTE细胞自噬的影响.结果表明,与空白对照组相比,不同雾霾颗粒物处理组细胞电损伤恢复时间分别延长了34.6%,63.2%和78.0%;p62蛋白表达量差异显著性下降,Atg5,Atg7,Beclin1,LC3B蛋白表达量差异显著性上升.此外,mTOR相关蛋白表达量差异显著性下降,分别下降了4.38%,3.34%和2.36%;p-mTOR蛋白表达量与空白组相比,实验组I下降24.2%,实验组Ⅱ下降37.0%,实验组Ⅲ下降60.9%.由以上结果可知,不同来源雾霾颗粒物对RTE细胞均有一定的毒性损伤作用,能够减小细胞增长速度和削弱细胞修复能力,增强细胞自噬因子蛋白的表达,且化工园区采集的雾霾颗粒物毒性强于居民区和高架交通源.不同来源雾霾颗粒物的细胞毒性存在明显差异,基于细胞电损伤恢复时间的测定以及自噬相关蛋白的检测方法能够为雾霾颗粒物健康风险评价提供一种快速的生物学手段.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m³, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM_1.8/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca^2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, CaSO₄, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of nanoparticles in aerosols in southern Thailand during recent haze episodes in lower southeast Asia

Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia. The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015. Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September to October when the particulate matter concentration hit a record high. We investigated physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols, including concentration and aerosol size distribution down to sub-micron sizes during haze episodes in 2013 and 2015 and, for reference, an insignificant haze period in 2017. The highest total suspended particulates and PM₁₀ levels in Hat Yai city were 340.1 and 322.5 µg/m³. The mass fractions were nanoparticles (< 100 nm) 3.1%-14.8% and fine particles (< 1 µm) 54.6%-59.1%. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in haze periods peaked at 0.75 µm and the concentrations are 2-30 times higher than the normal period. High molecular weight (4-6 ring) PAHs during the haze episode contribute to about 56.7%-88.0% for nanoparticles. The average values of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotient were 3.34±2.54ng/m³ in the 2015 haze period but only 0.89±0.17 ng/m³ in 2017. It is clear that particles smaller than 1 µm, were highly toxic. Nanoparticles contributed 19.4%-26.0% of total BaP-TEQ, whereas the mass fraction is 13.1%-14.8%. Thus the nanoparticles were more carcinogenic and can cause greater health effect than larger particles. The fraction of BaP-TEQ for nanoparticles during 2017 non-haze period was nearly the same, while the mass fraction was lower. This indicates that nanoparticles are the significant source of carcinogenic aerosols both during haze and non-haze periods.     

浙江金华秋季干气溶胶中主要化学组分的消光贡献解析

造成雾霾事件的主要原因是高浓度的大气细颗粒物污染.为了深入研究大气细颗粒物的消光来源,本研究采用高时间分辨率气溶胶观测仪器获得了浙江金华秋季PM1主要化学组分浓度及干气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数演变情况.结合有机气溶胶正矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)和多元线性回归方法,建立了拟合优度很高(R2=0.977)的细颗粒物中主要化学组分与干气溶胶消光系数间的定量关系模型.结果表明,观测期间消光贡献最大的是硫酸铵,贡献率为35.1%;其次是硝酸铵,贡献率为26.7%;二次有机气溶胶(SOA)、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶(BBOA)、黑碳(BC)及氯化铵的消光贡献率分别为14.3%、11.2%、8.7%、4.0%.在一些特定污染时段,BBOA具有最大的消光贡献,是导致此时大气能见度大幅度衰减的首要因子.     

北京大气气溶胶表面无机组分的静态飞行时间二次离子质谱研究

采用特定的样品处理方式,利用静态飞行时间二次离子质谱(Static-TOF-SIMS)技术,对使用通用型大气污染物采样仪VAPS(URG-3000K)采集于非导电性的滤膜(聚碳酸酯滤膜)上的大气气溶胶细粒子(PM_2.5)与粗粒子(PM_2.5～10)的表面无机组分进行了探索性的比较分析.结果表明:大气气溶胶细粒子与粗粒子的表面无机组分组成特征具有明显的差异;气溶胶细粒子表面存在着大气中二次形成的亲水性化合物,会对其表面的疏水性/亲水性特征产生影响,从而影响其大气化学行为;气溶胶粗粒子表面存在氟化物,对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在的危害性,应该重视对气溶胶中氟污染的研究与控制;静态飞行时间二次离子质谱可以成为研究大气气溶胶表面化学组成特征的有利分析手段.      

北京雾霾天大气颗粒物中微生物气溶胶的浓度及粒谱特征

于2013年1月8日~2013年2月4日雾霾频繁暴发期间,使用定量空气微生物采样器和气溶胶粒谱测试仪测试并比较了雾霾天和之后的清朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度变化、粒谱分布及不同粒径大小颗粒物的数量浓度差异和粒谱分布特征.结果表明,采样周期内真菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子(可吸入肺粒子)所占百分比显著高于细菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子百分比.雾霾过后的晴朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度高于雾霾天气时的浓度,而颗粒物浓度则相反.无论雾霾天或晴朗天微生物气溶胶的粒谱分布无显著差别,空气中的颗粒物以PM1.0占绝大多数.     

南京2007年12月持续雾霾过程的大气消光特性

2007年南京冬季雾外场综合试验期间,雾、霾交替持续的最长时间达100 h以上。利用大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴数浓度尺度谱分布、能见度、相对湿度等同步观测资料,从Mie散射理论出发,研究了雾、霾不同阶段大气消光特征,重点分析了大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴在雾、霾持续和转化过程中的消光作用。结果表明,雾、霾过程不同阶段平均能见度的大小关系为：雾<湿霾<霾~轻雾。平均而言,雾阶段雾滴和气溶胶粒子的消光作用相当,其中,雾滴消光波动幅度大于气溶胶粒子消光,能见度的变化趋势主要由雾滴的消光决定。湿霾、霾和轻雾阶段的消光主要由气溶胶粒子造成。湿霾阶段的低能见度是由于大量积聚模态的气溶胶粒子在较高相对湿度环境中吸湿增长所致。霾阶段气溶胶粒子数浓度达到最大,核模态粒子占总数浓度的80%左右,是导致该阶段能见度较低的主要原因。轻雾阶段气溶胶粒子的消光系数最小,但雾滴可提供10%~15%的消光贡献,导致能见度与霾阶段相当。     

Chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol during haze periods in the mountainous city of Yong''an, China

Haze phenomena were found to have an increasing tendency in recent years in Yong'an, a mountainous industrial city located in the center part of Fujian Province, China. Atmospheric fine particles (PM_2.5) in the urban area during haze periods in three seasons (spring, autumn and winter) from 2007 to 2008 were collected, and the mass concentrations and chemical compositions (seventeen elements, water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous species) of PM_2.5 were determined. PM_2.5 mass concentrations did not show a distinct difference among the three seasons. The carbonaceous species organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituted up to 19.2%-30.4% of the PM_2.5 mass during sampling periods, while WSIIs made up 25.3%-52.5% of the PM_2.5 mass. The major ions in PM_2.5 were SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺, while the major elements were Si, K, Pb, Zn, Ca and Al. The experimental results (from data based on three haze periods with a 10-day sampling length for each period) showed that the crustal element species was the most abundant component of PM_2.5 in spring, and the secondary ions species (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, etc.) was the most abundant component in PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. This indicated that dust was the primary pollution source for PM_2.5 in spring and combustion and traffic emissions could be the main pollution sources for PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. Generally, coal combustion and traffic emissions were considered to be the most prominent pollution sources for this city on haze days.